Recommended Reading: The genetics of better beer – Engadget

You Want Better Beer? Good. Here's a Better Barley Genome Adam Rogers, Wired

The beer industry certainly isn't hurting for money these days, but a group of scientists are trying to figure out how to make the beverage even better. They're doing so by breaking down the genome of barley, a key ingredient in the brewing process that that turns starch into sugar for yeast to transform into alcohol during fermentation. Wired has the story of how the geneticists could be on the way to improving suds for all of us to enjoy.

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Recommended Reading: The genetics of better beer - Engadget

The genetics of photosensitive sneezing, explained / Boing Boing – Boing Boing

If you're among the one in four people who sneeze when you move from a dark place into the sunlight, this nifty little explainer from a fellow traveler gives a great overview of causation theories over the millennia. Turns out it is just one transposed letter in the second chromosome that causes the effect.

The dominant photic sneeze reflex trait gets passed on if one of your parents gives it to you. He clarifies his "sneeze gene" video title:

The Sun Sneeze Gene (YouTube / Veritasium)

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Flashlight fish, also called lanterneye fish and scientifically photoblepharon (light-eye), are strange and wondrous creatures best viewed during a night dive in the Pacific.

Nuno Dias shot this absolutely insane surfing footage that looks more like a snowboarder out in front of an avalanche than a surfer on a wave.

Poliahu, the Hawaiian snow goddess who lives atop Mauna Kea, is the namesake for this stunning and inspiring footage from Sunchaser Pictures.

Bamboo has lots of uses beyond just being panda food. Things like bikes, roads, scaffolding, and musical instruments are made from the fast-growing grass. But unless you are participating in a tropical-themed LARP, you probably wouldnt want a shirt made from bamboo stalks. So why dobamboo bed sheets make any sense? Because yarn extracted from []

If you want to work in tech, but dont have any desire to code web apps to help businesses sell things to other business, you might want to consider a career in cybersecurity. Judging from the apparent complete infiltration of Russian hackers in American cyberspace,it seems fair to speculate that theres a major shortage of []

All moms are different. But all moms like getting flowers on Mothers Day, and thats a fact (not, however a fact we can document in any fashion.) Instead of getting chewed out for forgetting to call her on the second Sunday of May, you can take care of it ahead of time with Telefloras flower []

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LMU professor awarded grant to study pediatric cancer – Citizentribune

Adam Gromley, Ph.D., associate professor of molecular/cellular biology at Lincoln Memorial University-DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine (LMU-DCOM) has been awarded a $15,000 grant for pediatric cancer research from The Butterfly Fund of East Tennessee Foundation.

Gromleys interest in studying pediatric cancer on the cellular level began at the University of Massachusetts Medical School while researching cell biology. Gromley took a particular interest in a component of the cell called the centrosome. The grant will be used to identify the role the centrosome plays in the development of the rare pediatric cancer rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS).

It was during my postdoctoral studies at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital that I saw firsthand how devastating pediatric cancers are and I decided that I wanted to do whatever I can to contribute to the understanding of how these cancers arise, Gromley said.

According to the American Cancer Society(r), approximately three percent of all childhood cancers are RMS, with 350 new cases occurring annually.

Pediatric cancers like RMS are developed from DNA changes within cells that take place early in life and often before birth. RMS is a type of sarcoma, which are cancers that develop from connective tissues in the body like muscles, fat or bones.

A hallmark of cancer is the accumulation of genetic abnormalities, many of which arise through improper cell division. These dysfunctional cell divisions are typically due to defects in the centrosome. Gromleys research seeks to identify the specific ways by which defective centrosomes lead to cancer by manipulating the protein components of the centrosome.

We will use rhabdomyosarcoma cells in culture to determine if specific centrosome proteins contribute to the unregulated cell divisions that are characteristic of this type of cancer, Gromley said. These studies will help us understand the process by which tumors form, and hopefully this will lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for combating this disease.

Gromley earned his Ph.D. in biomedical sciences at the University of Massachusetts Medical School in 2004. From 2006 to 2010 Gromley completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in the Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology at St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee. In addition to pediatric cancer research, Gromley is working on a project using genome editing technology to counteract the molecular defects responsible for Angelman syndrome with Jesse Riker, a second-year osteopathic medical student at LMU-DCOM.

The Butterfly Fund of East Tennessee Foundation is a charity based in Knoxville, Tennessee, and was established by the families of two young girls who were diagnosed with rhabdomyosarcoma. This fund supports research, treatment and services dedicated to the defeat of childhood cancers.

The DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine is located on the campus of Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee. LMU-DCOM is an integral part of LMUs values-based learning community, and is dedicated to preparing the next generation of osteopathic physicians to provide health care in the often underserved region of Appalachia and beyond. For more information about LMU-DCOM, call 1-800.325.0900, ext. 7082, e-mail dcom@LMUnet.edu, or visit us online at http://med.LMUnet.edu.

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LMU professor awarded grant to study pediatric cancer - Citizentribune

Beige and brown fat making your body healthier – Thegardenisland.com

It is a well-known fat that sedentary living and the consumption of calorie dense and nutritionally deplete foods is implicated in the global epidemic of Globesity. As part and parcel of this trend is the precipitous rise of obesity related diseases such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, insulin resistance, high blood pressure and various types of cancer.

Brown adipose (fat) tissue is a key site of thermogenesis (heat production) in mammals and for many decades has been considered by researchers as a possible option to promote weight loss.

The biomedical interest in brown and beige (fat that is on its way in the conversion from white to brown) fat cells is centered mostly on the ability of these cells to counteract metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and obesity.

Increasing the activity of brown and beige fat holds tremendous promise for the treatment of these diseases as well as for weight loss.

An interesting article published in Nature Medicine in 2013 entitled Brown and Beige Fat Development, Function, and Therapeutic Potential, noted that many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige cell biology are now identified, and the authors suggested that mature white fat cells can differentiate into beige fat calls under certain conditions.

Recent findings suggest that exercise doesnt just shrink the size of your fat and possibly increase your muscle mass, and build stronger bones, but also stimulates the beiging of white adipose tissue.

The white fat accumulates more mitochondria within the cells and therefore become more metabolically active as it beiges.

The mitochondria is the sub-cellular organelle responsible for generating energy.

An article published in Diabetes in 2015 (Exercise Effects on White Adipose tissue: Beiging and Metabolic Adaptations) reported that the newly formed beige fat releases adipokines a protein which function as hormonal messengers to improve the metabolism of skeletal muscle and the liver.

As well, it is noted that the adipokines induce cells to be more sensitive to insulin and glucose signaling. Of course, the opposite is true of a sedentary lifestyle which is correlated to obesity, insulin resistance, and high blood glucose leading to type 2 diabetes.

In another very interesting article published in the Journal of Physiology in December of 2013, researchers demonstrated that exercise could counteract some of the metabolic consequences of short-term overeating.

In the study, active young men were randomly assigned to either consume 50 percent more calories than normal while strictly limiting their physical activity or to consume 50 percent more calories than normal but add 45 minutes of daily treadmill running.

In the group who did not exercise, the insulin responses of the participants indicated that they developed insulin resistance (a condition which leads to type 2 diabetes) whereas the participants in the exercise group did not develop insulin resistance.

In the group who did not exercise, 7 of the 17 genes related to fat storage were increased while in the exercising group, no significant changes were noted. The researchers concluded that vigorous exercise counteracted most of the harmful effects of short-term overeating with respect to fat.

Clearly, the value of exercise goes far beyond just looking good and feeling well. It surpasses the increase in bone density, the balance, the flexibility, the strength, the endurance, the power, and the lithe lean body that is possible at any age. Your very cells respond, even your fat cells change for the better.

Dr. Jane Riley, EdD., is a certified personal fitness trainer, nutritional adviser and bhavior change specialist. She can be reached at janerileyfitness@gmail.com, 212-8119 cell/text and http://www.janerileyfitness.com.

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Beige and brown fat making your body healthier - Thegardenisland.com

Leading cancer researcher, NMSU alum to lecture May 1 – Las Cruces Sun-News

Minerva Baumann, For the Sun-News 4:00 p.m. MT April 29, 2017

NMSU alumnus Don W. Cleveland, professor and chair of the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of California at San Diego and member of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, will visit with students and give a lecture about his research into treatment for neurodegenerative disease at NMSU on Monday, May 1.(Photo: Courtesy photo)

LAS CRUCES A Las Cruces native and field-leading researcher in the areas of cancer genetics and neurosciences will give a talk at New Mexico State University about breakthrough discoveries that could impact future treatment of diseases such as Lou Gehrigs disease, Huntingtons disease and Alzheimers disease.

Don W. Cleveland, a professor and chair of the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of California at San Diego as well as a member of the Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, will return to NMSU on Monday, May 1, to share insights about his research with students and the community. Cleveland will spend the day meeting with different groups, touring the campus, talking with NMSU students in biology, chemistry and physics and giving a public lecture about his research titled Gene silencing therapy for human neurodegenerative disease, which will begin at 3:30 p.m. May 1 in the Domenici Hall Yates Auditorium, Room 109.

Its a real pleasure to visit NMSU and Las Cruces again, said Cleveland, who graduated from Las Cruces High School and earned a bachelors degree from NMSU in physics in 1972. They gave me a great start in my scientific career and made me into a lifelong New Mexican (no matter where I live).

After NMSU, Cleveland earned a doctorate at Princeton and moved to California to continue his groundbreaking research into neurodegenerative disorders. Cleveland has uncovered the mechanisms underlying the major genetic forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), commonly known as Lou Gehrigs disease, and developed gene silencing therapies using designer DNA drugs that have entered clinical trials for four neurodegenerative diseases, including ALS and Huntingtons diseases.

Cleveland initially identified tau, the protein that accumulates abnormally in Alzheimers disease. It is also the protein whose misfolding underlies chronic traumatic brain injury, which is now receiving nationwide attention from the National Football League.

We are proud to welcome Dr. Cleveland back to NMSU, said Enrico Pontelli, interim dean of the College of Arts and Sciences. This is part of our Alumni Connections series, which seeks to connect our Arts and Sciences alumni with our students. One of the keys to students long-term success is the connections they build, not only with their professors and fellow students but also with alumni like Dr. Cleveland, who are leaders in their field of study.

Cleveland has earned numerous awards for his work. Among them, three National Institutes of Health Merit Awards, the Wings Over Wall Street MDA Outstanding Scientist award and The Sheila Essey Prize from the ALS Association and American Academy of Neurology as well as the Judd award from Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.

NMSU biology professor Brad Shuster remembers Cleveland as a mentor when Shuster was a graduate student. He also invited Cleveland to NMSU for a seminar several years ago.

Don has made enormous contributions to our understanding of the basic structure and function of cells, and has lent profound insights into pathologies such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, said Shuster. His leadership has extended well beyond the bench, serving as president of the American Society for Cell Biology and an editor of our disciplines top journal. Plus, hes a great guy and one of the most successful scientists NMSU has ever produced.

Pontelli believes Clevelands engagement with NMSU students one-on-one will be just as valuable for them as the knowledge of his cutting-edge research.

This is an amazing opportunity for our faculty and students, Pontelli said. We are fortunate Dr. Cleveland is making the time to share his research and insights.

Clevelands lecture is free and open to the public. Campus parking passes for visitors are available at http://auxadminforms.nmsu.edu/ParkingForms/ePermit.aspx.

Minerva Baumannwrites for University Communications and can be reached atmbauma46@nmsu.edu

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Style anatomy: Maha Burney – The Express Tribune

The creative director of NFK Photography breaks down her incredible style

The creative director of NFK Photography breaks down her incredible style. Find out all the challenges she faces in dressing her body type and which rules, from her fashion rulebook, she always abides by

Understanding your body is the key to looking good and a trait found amongst all impeccably dressed fashionistas. While people shy away from talking about their bodies, these brave souls explain how they work their anatomies to their advantage

How would you describe your body type?

Small framed.

Has your body type changed over the last five years?

My body has seen the biggest changes over the last five years; from thin, to pregnant, to a squishy mom-body. My post-baby body is definitely a challenge to dress sometimes. Even though I am close to being back to my pre-baby weight, the pounds are all in different places, which means I have to adjust the way I dress.

In your opinion what is your most troublesome area?

Even at my fittest I have always had a tummy. Now, after a c-section it has definitely become my biggest trouble spot!

How has your style changed over the years?

My style has matured with time. I dont experiment as much as I used to in terms of colours or prints and know what suits me and what doesnt. I tend to go for classic, fuss-free, minimal silhouettes, sometimes with a structured edge. Generally I wear a lot of solid colours, but when I do go for prints I like them to either be bold and geometric, or quirky and fun. I like my shoes and bags to be the on-trend statement-making element in my outfit. A statement bag paired with a classic black or white top, skinnies and some beautiful heels is my go-to.

How do you dress according to your body type and which silhouettes suit your body the most?

I think its important to balance your proportions when dressing for your body type, therefore I have a couple of personal dos and donts when it comes to what I think works for me. I like to wear tops that accentuate the length of my torso and lowers that are more tapered and fitted. Neither crop-tops nor culottes suit me, as they cut my torso or lower half off abruptly, and make me look shorter than I am. Also if I am wearing wide-leg pants, they have to be touching the ground as it gives me more length and creates a balance. However, getting dressed isnt always about body type for me. A lot has to do with comfort and my mood in that moment.

In your opinion what is the biggest mistake a person can make while dressing here?

I find it jarring when people wear too many statement pieces all at once without thinking about whether they actually work together.

What is the one piece of clothing you shy away from wearing and why?

Thats an easy question, a swimsuit. I definitely need to hit the gym first!

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Style anatomy: Maha Burney - The Express Tribune

The anatomy of Harjit Sajjan’s Afghanistan operation apology – Macleans.ca

Defence Minister Harjit Sajjan speaks during a conference on foreign affairs in Ottawa on Friday, Jan. 29, 2016. (Sean Kilpatrick/CP)

A day before he backtracked from his false claim that he was the architect of Operation Medusa, one of the biggest and most dangerous missions of the war in Afghanistan, Minister of National Defence Harjit Sajjan inexplicably and stubbornly stood by them in a correspondence with me. What happened over the last five days might be called the anatomy of an apology.

The controversy stems from an April 18 speech the Minister delivered at Conflict Prevention and Peacekeeping in a Changing World, a conference in New Delhi, India. On my first deployment to Kandahar in 2006, the Minister said, I was the architect of Operation Medusa where we removed 1,500 Taliban fighters off the battlefield and I was proudly on the main assault. It was an odd comment. Though Sajjan was a veteran of the 2006 operation, he was in no way the key planner. That role is typically credited to retired Major General David Fraser, then the commander of the Multinational Brigade for Regional Command South, and the man who organized and led Operation Medusa.

On Monday, April 24, I began hearing from a number of senior military veterans who called Sajjans claim about his role in Medusa an exaggeration and demanded that he correct the record. None of the sources would go on the record because none wanted to question the legitimate bravery Sajjan showed during the 2006 battle and his three tours of duty in Afghanistan. Still, they regarded his comments in India as an inappropriate embellishment of his role. Sajjan had as much to do with designing Medusa as I did with designing NAFTA, one source told me.

What did Sajjan really do in Medusa? Back in 2006, then-Brigadier General Fraser wrote a letter commending Sajjanspersonal bravery in battle. Fraser wrote that Sajjans analysis was so compelling that it drove a number of large scale theatre-resourced efforts, including Operation Medusa that resulted in the defeat of the largest Taliban cell yet identified in Afghanistan, with over 1,500 Taliban killed or captured. So Sajjans bravery as an intelligence officer was never in question. But thats a long way from being the architect of the operation. I contacted Fraser to ask about Sajjans recent claim, but he flat out refused to comment.

On Wednesday, April 26, I wrote to the Department of National Defence and asked why the Minister had called himselfthe architect of Medusa. I do not want to diminish the extraordinary role the Minister played, I wrote. However, I have had feedback from several sources who suggest the use of the term architect is an exaggeration.I can find no citation where the Minister is credited as the architect of Operation Medusa. He was an important member of the team, but no one I spoke to saw him as the architect. That role has been credited to the General, in this case, Fraser. As this was a major military operation with many senior military planners, can you please tell me if it is accurate for the Minister to say he wasthe architect of the operation? Did he plan it? Did he originate the plan? Was he the leader of the operation plan? Was he involved in the planning or did he provide Intel that was then verified and used? Why did the Minister call himself the architect of Medusa?

MORE: Behind the sunglasses: Harjit Sajjans rise to cabinet

I fully expected the Minister to clarify his role, thinking he would repeat what Fraser had written back in 2006that his intelligence had played a key role in the operation. Instead, he avoided the question and tried to skate. Operation Medusa wassuccessful because ofthe leadership,service and sacrificeof many dedicated women and men in the Canadian Armed Forces, Minister Sajjan wrote. I was proud to have served with extraordinary Canadians, US and Afghan soldiers who made Operation Medusa successful.

I immediately wrote back to say that this did not address the fundamental question: Why did the Minister call himself the architect of Medusa? I asked his department to further clarify, but they refused to say anything else. I dont have anything to add beyond what I just sent, the Ministers communications person wrote.

It was odd that they were sticking by the Ministers original statement in India, which was so patently misleading. Medusa involved over 1,000 Canadian soldiers working in a coordinated attack with British and Dutch troops against the Taliban position in Panjwai district. It was a complex, high-level operation led and developed by Fraser and his planning department. Other key planners of Medusa included the highly-respected Lieutenant-Colonel Omer Lavoie, then commander of the 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment. At the time, Sajjan was a major, nowhere close to the top of the command structure and so nowhere close to being the architect of the operation. Sajjans second claim has a grain of truth to it being on the final assault but he was present like thousands of other soldiers, one source said. But from what I gather, he [was] not engaged in combat. The military personnel I spoke to were clearly furious about the Ministers comment.

As the week wore on, more veterans contacted reporters about the Ministers claim. Suddenly, on Thursday, I got another message from Minister Sajjans office. They had a new, updated statement from the Minister. He was no longer going to try to spin his way out of it. My comments were in no way intended to diminish the role that my fellow soldiers and my superiors played in Operation Medusa, Sajjan wrote. What I should have said was that our military successes are the result of the leadership, service and sacrifice of the many dedicated women and men in the Canadian Forces. I regret that I didnt say this then, but I want to do so now. Operation Medusa wassuccessful because of[the] leadership of General Fraser and the extraordinary team with whom I had the honour of serving.

Within hours of that email landing in my inbox, the brilliant Postmedia reporter Matthew Fisher published a story about the military backlash against Minister and his apology. The controversy erupted immediately.

It remains a mystery as to why the Minister would make the false claim in the first place and even more baffling why, when I asked him to clarify earlier in the week, he decided to stick to it. There is an old saying: Victory has a thousand fathers, defeat is an orphan, one source wrote to me. There were tens of thousands of architects for Medusa in Canada, NATO, Kabul and Kandahar. Dave Fraser was key to it, influenced by those thousands, and he wrote and spoke many complimentary things about all of them. They all of them could and should receive the credit. God knows, they would have received the blame if things had not worked out.

Minister Sajjan did heroic things in the service of Canada during a dangerous period of war. He risked his life. There was simply no need to embellish that. It is a terrible shame that might tarnish his service.

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The anatomy of Harjit Sajjan's Afghanistan operation apology - Macleans.ca

Grey’s Anatomy needs urgent surgery – Stuff.co.nz

MALCOLM HOPWOOD

Last updated05:30, April 29 2017

N/A

New Zealand's own Martin Henderson stars as Dr Nathan Riggs in Grey's Anatomy.

"I could bring a whitebait fritter?" asks Dr Nathan Riggs. With that he disappears.

It was a great opening line from Grey's Anatomy newcomer but he was gone, only to turn up at a housewarming minus the West Coast delicacy.

I watched Grey's Anatomy (TV2, Tuesdays) purely to see how Martin Henderson replaced Dr McDreamy. It was all very strange. As Dr Riggs, he attended the dinner party, sat on the couch, was treated as if he was infectious and received instructions not to date Dr Maggie.

When she suggested dinner, he delivered the line "I'm not ready to date anyone, right now".

READ MORE: *How Grey's Anatomy star Jesse Williams dominated the BET Awards *Martin Henderson discusses being Grey Anatomy's new McHunky *Sara Ramirez as Dr Callie Torres clocks out of Grey's Anatomy

What Martin is doing on Grey's Anatomy, a series beyond its used by date, is mysterious. Probably he's earning a pay cheque while he sorts his career out.

Meanwhile, can someone freeze a kilo of whitebait and send it to him so he can do something meaningful?

The episode focused on the future of Dr Alex Karev who'd previously attacked Dr Andrew DeLuca. He's slapped on the wrist with a wet admissions ticket and gets assigned to "the clinic", whatever that is.

The highlight of the episode was a patient who's called her tumour Wilma after her ex-husband's mistress. She wants it removed. It could be time for Grey's Anatomy to surgically remove itself.

Have you heard of a target shooter who farms, preaches, reads, drinks and sings tenor in the choir? Country Calendar (TV One, Sundays) had it all when it featured Tracey Peters, who farms somewhere north of Taihape.

Since her husband died 25 years ago, Tracey has run sheep, beef, deer and ponies on her two farms and accomplished enough in her spare hours to fill two lifetimes. Paramount is being chaplain to the army and priest in charge of St Margaret's Anglican Church, Taihape.

There, her flock don't need to be dagged or neutered. They stand on two legs, sing hymns, take communion and wear merino in winter.

Tracey is an intriguing woman. She doesn't pull the wool over your eyes when she talks of filling the day with farming, visiting, preaching and belonging to just about every club listed in the Rangitikei electorate.

Country Calendar remains enjoyable and meaningful because it tells stories about rural people such as Tracey who achieve incredible things. And if her life isn't busy enough, Tracey's represented New Zealand at the Oceania Games in target shooting. When she retires there won't be anyone left of her calibre.

Horror Homes (Prime, Wednesdays) is a misnomer. The programme's not another name for Cowboy Builders where dodgy handymen inflict nightmare repairs on people's properties. These homes are thoroughly liveable. The horror comes from elsewhere.

In the case of a bed and breakfast in Staffordshire, the owners discovered a sink hole close to their front door and land slipping away into the valley below. In London, an elderly woman experienced a tsunami of sewage filling her bath and toilet and flowing around her floors, while heavy trucks ruined Andy and Dawn Drummond's idyllic existence when they trundled to a new subdivision at the end of the cul-de- sac.

While I feel for those people, including the elderly reporter whose home was struck by a maverick bolt of lightning, Horror Homes is an hour of misery. I'd prefer to watch a repeat of Hogan's Heroes.

If you've ever listened to a recorded voice say "your call is important to us" and hung on while the world has moved to another millennium, then Fair Go (TV One, Mondays) has joined you.

They tested out five major businesses. The fastest was Spark which replied in two minutes while KiwiBank took 34 minutes. Fair Go didn't say whether the call was answered in Bombay or the Philippines, although one of the team members had a manila folder.

I applaud them but, to achieve success, they need to try out the call centres for weeks on end until there's an improvement. Wouldn't it be great if a real live voice answered the phone? You'd forget what you rang about.

Hosted by Neil Oliver, Coast NZ (TV One, Mondays) visited the West Coast and Buller. A friend of mine was once described as a plate of collapsed pancakes on jandals and, sure enough, the Punakaiki Rocks, which inspired his looks, were featured.

Neil's team explored Denniston and sought greenstone on the driftwood strewn beaches south of Greymouth. They also discovered a hideaway near Westport where Brian Morgan has been whitebaiting for 65 years.

Brian, could you courier Martin Henderson a kilo so he doesn't fritter his life away?

-Stuff

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Grey's Anatomy needs urgent surgery - Stuff.co.nz

Here’s Every Moment That Influences Human Behavior – Inverse

Human beings are a mess of contradictions. A person might hate violence but love violent action movies. Someone else might consider certain people are inherently good yet refuse to believe in the idea of a soul. For a long time, scientists have attempted to account for the inconsistencies in human behavior and tried to find predictable patterns in them but theyve yet to come up with a simple explanation.

But neuroscientist Robert Sapolsky wants us to know that were never going to find one.

While we are a miserably violent species, were also extraordinarily compassionate and altruistic, said Sapolsky, a Stanford University professor, to a TED 2017 crowd on Thursday. So how do you make sense of the biology of our best moments, our worst, and all of the ambiguous ones in between?

Answering this, he says, means first accepting that human behavior cant be explained by one hormone or evolutionary mechanism. Human decisions, he explains, are influenced by multiple factors that operate on a vast timeline, ranging from the second before a choice is made to the moment thousands of years ago when a persons behavioral patterns began to be shaped by their ancestors. Heres how he broke down the moments that contribute to human behavior in his talk.

One second before the decision: Whatevers happening in your immediate environment seconds before you make a decision may activate your amygdala, the brain area central to fear and aggression. So, if your environment is stressful, then your amygdala will be more likely to elicit hostile emotions that may influence that choice.

In addition, if youre tired, youre hungry, youre in pain your frontal cortex is not going to work very well, Sapolsky advises. Thats the brain region whose job it is to get there just in time to stop the amygdala.

Hours to days before the decision: This span of time is most influenced by hormones, Sapolsky says. The levels of these natural chemicals constantly fluctuate, and their levels at any given moment can influence a decision made down the line.

Regardless of your sex, if your testosterone levels are elevated, youre more likely to mistake a neutral facial expression for a threatening one, says Sapolsky. Or, if you have elevated levels of stress hormones, your amygdala becomes excitable and your frontal cortex gets sluggish.

Weeks to months before the decision: This time frame is the realm of neural plasticity the changes to the brain that happen as neurons form new connections.

The brain can change dramatically over time in response to experience, says Sapolsky. If your previous months were filled with stress and trauma, your amygdala would have grown larger, and neurons would have grown new connections there.

Years before the decision: The decisions you make as an adult are also shaped by the way your brain forms as it matures during childhood and adolescence, Sapolsky says.

Thats the time that your brain is being constructed, and experiences can cause what are called epigenetic changes, says Sapolsky. Some genes are activated permanently, other ones are turned off. For example, if as a fetus you were exposed to high levels of stress hormones from moms circulation, epigenetic changes would have gifted you with an adult amygdala thats enlarged with elevated stress hormones.

Centuries before you were even born: Ultimately, your behavior and the decisions that arise from that behavior is also shaped by the decisions your ancestors made thousands of years before. For example, Sapolsky explains, if your ancestors were warriors, their attitudes still influence the values with which you are raised.

Its clear that if you want to understand a behavior a wonderful one, an appalling one, a confusing one in between youve got to understand what happened from the second before to millions of years before, Sapolsky said, summarizing his talk.

In other words, its complicated.

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Here's Every Moment That Influences Human Behavior - Inverse

Seattle Genetics (SGEN) Q1 Loss Widens, Sales Top Estimates – Yahoo Finance

Seattle Genetics, Inc.SGEN reported a loss of 42 cents per share for the first quarter of 2017, wider than the Zacks Consensus Estimate of a loss of 41 cents and the year-ago loss of 15 cents per share.

Revenues came in at $109.1 million, down 1.8% year over year, primarily due to lower royalty revenues from the sales of Adcetris. Revenues, however, beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $103.3 million.

Seattle Genetics share price has gained 29.1% year to date compared with the Zacks classified Medical - Biomedical and Genetics industrys rise of 4.8% in the same period.

Quarter in Detail

Seattle Genetics top line comprises product revenues, collaboration and license agreement revenues and royalties.

The companys only marketed product, Adcetris, generated revenues of $70.3 million, up 20% year over year.

Collaboration and license agreement revenues increased 8.2% to almost $21.8 million. Collaboration revenues included fees earned from the companys agreement with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd. for Adcetris and other ADC collaborations.

Royalty revenues declined 47.5% year over year to $16.98 million. The decline was due to unfavorable year-over-year comparisons. The company had received a milestone payment of $20 million from Takeda in the first quarter of 2016 on international sales of Adcetris.

Research and development (R&D) expenses were $118.2 million, up 27.3% year over year. Also, selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses increased 29.1% to $38.4 million. Costs were high primarily due to investment in vadastuximabtalirine, Adcetris collaboration activities for product supply to Takeda and pipeline development.

In its call, the company asserted that there was no erosion of its share in the relapsed HL business despite the FDA approval for Merck & Co., Inc.s MRK Keytruda as the second PD-1 inhibitor for the treatment of relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma in Mar 2017.

2017 Outlook Update

The company reiterated its outlook for net sales of Adectris to be in the range of $280 million to $300 million. Although the company expects royalty revenues to decrease in the second quarter, it continues to expect it in the range of $50 million to $55 million for the full year.

Pipeline Update

Seattle Genetics continues to work on expanding Adcetris label further through 3 phase III trials. We note that the company reported positive data from ALCANZA phase III study recently and is planning to submit a supplemental Biologics License Application (BLA) by mid-2017.

The company expects top-line data from the phase III ECHELON-1 study (frontline classical Hodgkin lymphoma) during 2017 while top-line data from the ECHELON-2 study (frontline CD30-expressing mature T-cell lymphoma) should be out in 2018 (previously expected in the 2017 to 2018 timeframe).

In addition, the company continues to enroll patients in the phase III study on vadastuximabtalirine in combination with hypomethylating agents in older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Also, the company plans to start a phase II study in younger patients with newly diagnosed AML in the second half of 2017.

Our Take

While the company missed bottom line expectations, sales came in ahead of estimates in the first quarter of 2017. With the approval of Keytruda, investors should focus on Adcetris sales in the upcoming quarters. However, the FDA has lifted the clinical hold on two phase I trials of its candidate, vadastuximabtalirine in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in March.

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Seattle Genetics, Inc. Price, Consensus and EPS Surprise | Seattle Genetics, Inc. Quote

Zacks Rank & Stocks to Consider

Seattle Genetics carries a Zacks Rank #4 (Sell).

A couple of better-ranked stocks in the health care sector include Heska Corporation HSKA and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. REGN. While Heska sports a Zacks Rank#1 (Strong Buy), Regeneron carries a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). You can see the complete list of todays Zacks #1 Rank stocks here.

Heskas earnings estimates increased from $1.53 to $1.65 for 2017 and from $1.80 to $2.01 for 2018 over the last 60 days. The company posted positive earnings surprises in eachof the four trailing quarters with an average beat of 291.54%.

Regenerons earnings estimates remained almost stable for 2017 and 2018, respectively, over the past 30 days. The company recorded positive earnings surprises in three of the last four quarters, with the average being 8.08%.

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Seattle Genetics (SGEN) Q1 Loss Widens, Sales Top Estimates - Yahoo Finance