The Anatomy of Rachel Maddow’s Rollout of Trump’s Tax Returns – MediaFile

On Tuesday, March 14 at 7:36 p.m., MSNBC political analyst Rachel Maddow tweeted that she had received Trump tax returns and would discuss them on her show at 9 p.m.

What followed was a series of events that left many viewers and pundits debating if Maddow had overhyped her scoop or not. Either way, the delivery of this breaking news became the story more so than the news of Trumps leaked 2005 tax return itself.

Two questions percolated as the evening played out: Was what Maddow had in her possession important enough to warrant this much excitement? And, as many first-time Maddow viewers wondered, why was she taking so long to get to the meat of the story?

Maddow herself cast doubt over the revelatory nature of the documents when she tweeted at 8:24 p.m. that she only had access to President Trumps 1040 form from 2005, which limited the chances of providing mind-blowing information.

Washington Examiner finance reporter Joseph Lawler told MediaFile he wouldnt have expected any damning news coming from those documents, which only show Trumps bottom-line numbers.

What we really wouldve been interested in were disclosures of all his income, he said.

By the time Maddows report aired at 9 p.m., the White House had released a statement that claimed in 2005, Trump paid $38 million in taxes on $150 million in income exactly what Maddows documents showed. The Daily Beast also beat her to the air with a story on the tax return documents.

Maddow began her show by explaining the documents were originally given to her by Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist David Cay Johnston, who had published the two-page tax return on his website, DCReports.org, as her report was airing.

She then proceeded to spend a half hour providing background on what the tax returns could say, before finally diving into the heart of the story that anyone with a Twitter feed could have accessed almost an hour earlier.

Many viewers and journalists were irked by Maddow sticking so vehemently to her shows format, which is designed to provide context before diving into the news itself.

Politico senior media writer Jack Shafer wrote that Maddow whipped up a cumulus-sized head of froth placed atop a one-ounce scoop. Washington Post media columnist Margaret Sullivan called the show a master class in burying the lede.

When you see Rachel Maddow saying, We have Donald Trumps tax returns, watch at 9, and you have to wait an hour and a half to see those, a lot of people, particularly reporters, were disappointed, Politico media reporter Kelsey Sutton told MediaFile.

Maddows rollout of Trumps tax returns even got the Stephen Colbert treatment in a sketch where Colbert pulls a Rachel Maddow, by taking a long time to tell a joke that he facetiously claims irked Trump.

Lawler thinks there was legitimate news to come out of Maddows scoop, mainly that Donald Trump did pay federal income taxes in 2005. He said it had been speculated that he might not have paid taxes after the New York Times released his 1995 returns, which showed massive losses, in October 2016.

Even though Maddow didnt have the smoking gun to end Trumps presidency, I think this was a legitimate scoop, he said.

Shafer referred to Maddow whipping up a froth about the tax returns, but recognized that the hotdogging fell in line with a long-standing tactic: add a dash of sensationalism, attract eyes and your audience. Sutton did not take any issue with Maddow keeping to her shows format, but agreed that because the news she had wasnt game-changing, Maddow was probably trying to milk it for all it was worth.

It wasnt decades of tax returns, which I think is what is implied when someone says tax returns, plural, Sutton said. I think this is a prime example of prime-time television and its sensationalist style. What else should we have expected from Rachel Maddow at 9 p.m. on MSNBC?

One thing Sutton and Lawler both believe Maddow definitively proved: There is an insatiable public appetite to see full copies of Trumps most recent tax returns.

The public is going to want to see his full tax returns to see who hes doing business with, where he earns his money and what taxes he pays, Lawler said.

Sutton called Maddow and Johnstons work a drip drip in the quest to either expose or force Trump to release his tax returns.

If somebody has access to those and wants to leak it, this has proved there is a massive audience for that sort of information, she said. So I dont think its over.

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The Anatomy of Rachel Maddow's Rollout of Trump's Tax Returns - MediaFile

Anatomy of a Painting: Artist Tim Jaeger looks at his ‘CS No. 24’ – Sarasota Herald-Tribune

By Marty FugateCorrespondent

The roosters crow violates local noise ordinances. To be fair, the iconic, barnyard fowl has something to crow about. Look, and youll see the beast everywhere from folklore to breakfast cereal, cartoons and the Chinese calendar. (2017 is the Year Of The Fire Rooster, actually.)

The rooster also roosts in Tim Jaegers paintings. Although the Sarasota-based artist tackles a variety of human and animal subjects, hes best known for this exuberant bird. Jaegers latest rooster-related piece, CS No. 24, is destined for the Anderson OBrien Fine Art gallery in Omaha. This multimedia image comprises acrylics, oil pastels, fabric and stalks. At our request, Jaeger kept this rough diary as he put the image together.

Getting Started: The first step is the hardest. As Robert Rauschenberg once said, An empty canvas is full. Theres infinite possibility; I can go in any direction, and nothing tells me which way to go. Confronting a blank canvas always fills me with anxiety and intimidation the same nervous feelings I had when I first started painting. The only way to get past this is to simply start making marks.

Turn Back or Keep Going: Within the first ten minutes, I can usually feel whether a painting will be successful or not. I say, feel, because this knowledge comes from the gut, not from intellectual analysis or an art theory book. If my gut tells me the piece is working, I keep going. If I know its a false start, I stop.

Rough Outlines: If Im confident in my first brush strokes, Ill follow up by painting the rough contours of the figure those few basic lines that define the form. Its a literal outline, but also an outline of where I want to go with the work: a visual means of writing notes to myself. Its my way of knowing where things are and should be as I make further progress. Ill constantly refer to these marks as I keep going, for as long as I can see them. This layer is really the foundational level. By the time Im through, Ill wind up painting over most of it.

Over-painting: I like to start with darker colors; this creates the illusion of depth when I paint lighter colors on top. Ill keep on doing this, adding lighter and lighter colors, one layer after another. Up to the very end, Im working with opaque acrylics, and its a slow process. Normally, it takes me anywhere from two to four weeks to create a painting. Ill usually work on four to five paintings at a time.

Finishing touches: The last week of painting is probably my favorite. I know Im over the hump and the end is in sight. At this point, Ill cease adding opaque colors. Ill concentrate on glazes and varnishes. When my gut tells me the painting is complete, Ill put on the last brush stroke and thats it.

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Anatomy of a Painting: Artist Tim Jaeger looks at his 'CS No. 24' - Sarasota Herald-Tribune

POC-PSC war: Anatomy of a dispute – Inquirer.net

The bone of contention cant get any clearer than this for the feuding Philippine Olympic Committee (POC) and the governments Philippine Sports Commission (PSC):

Would you let an old partner who pays for your rent and utilities and provides your children pocket money and free training have a say in how you fix your own house?

The POC says the PSC cant, citing the evils of government intervention in sports.

READ:Peping accuses Fernandez of game-fixing during PBA days

The PSC claims it has the right to make demands, short of actual intervention, since the POC and its NSAs (national sports associations) draw succor from the government.

The dispute wouldnt have come to this if longtime POC president Jose Cojuangco Jr., the man ultimately responsible for the countrys miserable performances in international multisport competitions, had ignored social media snipings and refrained from accusing the PSC of interference in POC affairs.

POC President Peping Cojuangco. Photo by Tristan Tamayo/INQUIRER.net

The octogenarian Cojuangco went one step further: He denounced PSC Commissioner Ramon Fernandez, a staunch critic, as a game-fixer and said he had proof the former basketball star was engaged in point shaving during his heyday.

Cojuangcos verbal assault made PSC Chair William Butch Ramirez livid. He advised the POC to find new sources of funds if it didnt want the agency to meddle in its affairs.

READ:PSC-POC rift a catalyst for change

After all, Ramirez said, several NSAs still have to liquidated cash advances amounting to P150 million.

We respect their independence, said the PSC chief. But if they dont want us to meddle, then stop asking funds from us. The law says that we can exercise visitorial and supervisory powers to make sure that the peoples money is spent well.

The verbal skirmish boils down to a clash of principles.

READ:POC, PSC urged to settle differences for PH athletes

Were in charge of training our national athletes and the PSCs role is to fund everything the athletes need, Cojuangco insisted.

Fernandez said he would file a libel case against Cojuangco in Cebu City after consulting his lawyers.

PSC Commissioner Mon Fernandez. Photo by Tristan Tamayo/INQUIRER.net

He called me a game-fixer when he should have called me a team-fixer because I helped my teams win championships, said the four-time PBA MVP, a member of 19 champion teams in the pro league.

Cojuangco said Fernandez started it all. He was critical of me from the very beginning, the 82-year-old former Tarlac congressman said. He even said they intend to take over the POC, that the PSC should run sports in the Philippines.

I dont want to talk [about Fernandezs alleged game fixing] anymore. But if they demand it, Ill tell them what I know.

READ:Official sees end of POC-PSC row; Fernandez not done with Peping yet

Fernandez has since resumed the offensive on social media. Last week he posted documents showing the POC had received P38 million from the government agency to fund the countrys hosting of the Asian Centennial Games Festival in 2014.

At first glance, nothing seemed irregular about the fund, until Fernandez claimed that the POC received tens of millions from the Olympic Council of Asia (OCA) specifically to spend for the festival, which was attended by national Olympic committee leaders from 43 countries.

He (Cojuangco) should return the money, said Fernandez.

Coming to Cojuangcos aid, POC secretary general Steve Hontiveros said all financial assistance from the PSC have been properly liquidated, complete with corresponding documents and receipts.

PSC chair William Ramirez. Tristan Tamayo/INQUIRER.net

Ramirez said Cojuangco should answer Fernandezs allegations squarely. After all, the documents emanated from the PSC, he pointed out.

Inspite of the conflict, our support to the athletes and coaches have been stronger and were committed to support them even beyond [the] 2020 [Tokyo Olympics].

Cojuangco and Ramirez go a long way. The two were just starting their first terms as heads of the two sports bodies in 2005 when they brought the Philippines to the pinnacle of success in the Southeast Asian Games. That was the only time the Filipino athletes won the coveted overall championship in the biennial meet.

READ:PSC assumes lead role in grassroots programs

When President Duterte came to power in July last year, Ramirez, the Davao City mayors most reliable sports manager, returned to his old post.

Ramirez said the dispute should not sidetrack the PSC from bringing sports to the countryside and strengthening the grassroots program ordered by Duterte. We dont have time to pick a fight, he said.

Cojuangco, meanwhile, said the row with the PSC might only distract the athletes. Were busy preparing for the Southeast Asian Games and the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games. We need to focus, he said.

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POC-PSC war: Anatomy of a dispute - Inquirer.net

Neuroscience – sinauer.com

Dale Purves is Director of the Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders program at DukeNUS Graduate Medical School and Executive Director of the Neuroscience Research Partnership at A*STAR (both located in Singapore).

George J. Augustine is Director of the Center for Functional Connectomics in Seoul, Korea.

David Fitzpatrick is Chief Executive Officer and Scientific Director of the Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience.

William C. Hall is a Professor in the Department of Neurobiology at the Duke University School of Medicine.

Anthony-Samuel LaMantia is a Professor of Pharmacology & Physiology at The George Washington University and Director of the GW Institute for Neuroscience.

Leonard E. White is an Associate Professor in the Department of Neurobiology at the Duke University School of Medicine.

Companion Website (sites.sinauer.com/neuroscience5e) The Neuroscience companion website features review and study tools to help students master the material presented in the neuroscience course. Access to the site is free of charge and requires no access code. The site includes:

Sylvius 4 Online: An Interactive Atlas and Visual Glossary of Human Neuroanatomy S. Mark Williams and Leonard E. White (Free online access code provided with every new copy of the text)

Sylvius 4 provides a unique digital learning environment for exploring and understanding the structure of the human central nervous system. Sylvius features fully annotated surface views of the human brain, as well as interactive tools for dissecting the central nervous system and viewing fully annotated cross-sections of preserved specimens and living subjects imaged by magnetic resonance. This new online version of Sylvius is more than a conventional atlas; it incorporates a comprehensive, visually-rich, searchable database of more than 500 neuroanatomical terms that are concisely defined and visualized in photographs, magnetic resonance images, and illustrations.

Instructors Resource Library (ISBN 978-0-87893-589-5)

The Neuroscience Instructors Resource Library includes a variety of resources to help in developing your course and delivering your lectures. The Library includes:

Online Quizzing Adopting instructors have access to a bank of online quizzes that they can choose to assign or let their students use for self-review purposes. Instructors can use the quizzes as is, or they can create their own quizzes using any combination of publisher-provided questions and their own questions. The online grade book stores quiz results, which can be downloaded for use in grade book programs. (Student access to the quizzes requires instructor registration.)

If you have adopted this text for course use (within the U.S. or Canada) and are interested in the instructors supplements that accompany the text, please contact Linda VandenDolder, [emailprotected]. Outside the U.S. or Canada? Check the orders and returns page for the distributor in your region.

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Neuroscience - sinauer.com

These Wearables Are All About Neuroscience – Big Think

Artist, writer, and experimental philosopher Jonathon Keats, fresh from his recent Reciprocal Biomimicry project, is back, and this time its wearable. Or wearables. Based on recent advances in neuroscience, Keats is presenting The New Look of Neuroscience at Modernism Gallery in San Francisco March 16, 2017. (One wonders why the launch isnt April 1.) Its clothing designed to alter ones self-perception.

Wearing clothes that make you feel good isnt new, of course, but Keats press release claims to be applying cutting-edge neuroscience to millennia of costume history. Superego Suits, he says, alter ones biochemistry and brain/body communication. As such, they provide functionality far beyond todays internet-connected wearables that do little to enhance our personas. With existing tech, Keats notes, "psychologically you still remain your same old self. Glassholes will be Glassholes.

Keats four new wearable prototypes will be on display at the show, along with fashion photography by Elena Dorfman, who captured Wilhelmina International model Anna Sophia Moltke wearing the cutting-edge accessories.

(ELENA DORFMAN)

Here's a video of the photo shoot.

(ELENA DORFMAN)

These sunglasses leverage interception, a relatively unheard-of sensory system that involves awareness of ones autonomic processes. Superego shades have irises that open and close in sync with the wearers breathing, raising his or her consciousness of his or her respiration. And probably freaking out anyone the wearer is talking to.

The mechanics (ELENA DORFMAN)

(ELENA DORFMAN)

The bracelets can encourage the wearer to assume a power pose, boosting self-assurance through the release of testosterone.

The mechanics (ELENA DORFMAN)

(ELENA DORFMAN)

How about expanding ones sense of reach not to mention one's literal personal space with rings the have telescopic extenders? (You might want to wear Superego sunglasses for eye protection if youre having a conversation with someone wearing these.)

The mechanics (ELENA DORFMAN)

(ELENA DORFMAN)

Superego shoes offer heels whose height can be adjusted to ensure the wearer is always taller than anyone with whom he or she is speaking.

The mechanics (ELENA DORFMAN)

Keats says his designs are also reversible, allowing wearers to become even less of who they are should they already consider themselves to be a bit much. He plans for future Superego Suit designs to have the ability to measure and modulate hormone levels to amplify or reduce confidence as a situation requires.

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These Wearables Are All About Neuroscience - Big Think

The Dynamic Brain Drawings of the Father of Modern Neuroscience – Hyperallergic

The labyrinth of the inner ear (courtesy Instituto Cajal del Consjo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas, Madrid, 2017 CSIC)

Santiago Ramn y Cajalwanted to be an artistand photographer, but his physician father encouraged him to go into the medical profession. Even working in neuroscience, the Spaniards interest in visual art ended up proving essential, andhis illustrations continue to appear in textbooks and medical literature.The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramn y Cajal,out now from Abrams Books, accompanies atraveling exhibitionthat opened this January atthe Weisman Art Museum at the University of Minnesota and was organized with the Cajal Institute in Madrid, Spain. Both the book and the showconcentrate on 80 visualizations of the human brain by Cajal, often ordained the father of modern neuroscience.

Cajals drawings depict everythingfrom the cerebral cortex to the hippocampus, and some have not been previously published outside of his scholarly papers. The scientist, who died in 1934, wrote in his autobiography:

Like the entomologist in pursuit of brightly colored butterflies, my attention hunted, in the flower garden of the gray matter [the cerebral cortex], cells with delicate and elegant forms, the mysterious butterflies of the soul, the beatingof whose wings may someday who knows? clarify the secret of mental life.

Cajal was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1906, yethe remainsobscure compared to 19th-century scientists such asCharles Darwin andLouis Pasteur. Neuroscientist Larry W. Swanson writes in a book essay that this may bebecause there is no simple means to encapsulate how Cajal and his contemporaries explained and illustrated the workings of the brain as a biological network in an entirely new way, a way that remains foundational to neuroscientists today. Indeed, not every viewer will understand how he was able to discern the information flow of neurons in the retina just by studyingspecimens through amicroscope, but with theirclean lines and directional indications, the illustrationsarevisually striking.

That Cajals drawings remain living documents a century after they were created is at least partly owing to this vitality, which draws on fantasy and the imagination more than we might expect in scientific project, write Lyndel King and Eric Himmel in a collaborative book essay. Cajals forms are drawn with clarity, though never mechanically, and his line is confident and constantly moving: Dendrites and axons, the brains wiring, seem to pulse with life, twisting and turning and bulging and narrowing.

Over five decades, Cajal mademore than 2,900 drawings of the nervous system. His illustrations are so intricatethatits easy to forget he was working from dead tissue rather than a living organ. Decades later, when we can examine more accurate scans of the brain, his work stillconveys a prescient viewof itsinner workings. If the human individual resides anywhere in the body, its in this organ, and Cajals art gives humanity to anatomy while also portrayingitwith scientific precision.

The Beautiful Brain: The Drawings of Santiago Ramn y Cajalisout now from Abrams Books. The exhibition continues at the Weisman Art Museum (University of Minnesota, 333 E River Road, Minneapolis) throughMay 21.

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The Dynamic Brain Drawings of the Father of Modern Neuroscience - Hyperallergic

How BMY’s Neuroscience, Immunoscience Segments Performed in 2016 – Market Realist

Bristol-Myers Squibbs Valuation Is Improving from 2016 Levels PART 7 OF 8

Bristol-Myers Squibbs (BMY) Neuroscience segments sales fell more than 83% in 2016, while its Immunoscience segments sales rose ~20% in the year compared to 2015.

BMYs Neuroscience segment is represented by its drug Abilify, while its Immunoscience segment is represented by its drug Orencia.

Abilify is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of schizophrenia and major depressive disorders. Its part of BMYs alliance with Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co.

Following the loss of its exclusivity in US markets, Abilifys revenue fell more than 83% in 2016. Abilify reported sales of $128 million in 2016. The company lost exclusivity for Abilify in European markets in 2014, affecting its sales slightly. Abilify is a product with ahigh profit margin, so lower Abilify sales had a negative impact on BMYs gross margin in 2016.

Other drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia include AstraZenecas (AZN) Seroquel XR, Johnson & Johnsons (JNJ) Invega Sustenna, and Sunovion Pharmaceuticals (SEPR) Latuda.

Orencia is a fusion protein used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and related indications. Orencias revenue rose ~20% to $2.3 billion in 2016, compared to $1.9 billion in 2015, following higher demand and a higher net average selling price.

Other drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis include AbbVies (ABBV) Humira, Amgens (AMGN) Enbrel, and Pfizers (PFE) Celebrex. To divest risk, investors can consider ETFs such as the iShares US Healthcare ETF (IYH), which holds 3.0% of its total assets in Bristol-Myers Squibb.

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How BMY's Neuroscience, Immunoscience Segments Performed in 2016 - Market Realist

US Attorney’s Office launches investigation of Swedish neurosurgery unit – The Seattle Times

Swedish CEO Guy Hudson wrote in a memo to staff members Wednesday that the U.S. Attorneys Office is now among the agencies reviewing practices at the institute, based at the Cherry Hill campus in Seattle.

The U.S. Attorneys Office has launched an investigation of Swedish Healths neurosurgery unit, adding a new layer of scrutiny to a distinguished institute that was recently the subject of stories in The Seattle Times.

Swedishs interim CEO, Dr. Guy Hudson, wrote in a memo to staff members Wednesday that the U.S. Attorneys Office is now among the agencies examining practices at the facility.

As with all regulatory reviews, we will cooperate fully to ensure that we are living our values and upholding the highest standards, Hudson said in his message. In a statement to The Times, Hudson said the investigation will help Swedish understand the full extent of the issues so we can quickly and thoroughly address them.

A Swedish spokeswoman said she did not immediately have details about the scope of the federal inquiry, or whether it was a criminal or civil examination. The U.S. Attorneys Office in Seattledeclined comment.

The Seattle Times published an investigation of the Swedish Neuroscience Institute last month, exposing turmoil and a range of internal concerns about patient care. The Times documented concerns among staffers about how some surgeons juggled multiple operations at the same time. And patient-safety indicators showed the Swedish-Cherry Hill campus, where the neuroscience institute is based, lagging behind peer hospitals on some measures.

The internal concerns had emerged amid dramatic growth in the number of surgeries and billings at the institute in recent years. In 2015, the Swedish-Cherry Hill campus had the highest Medicare reimbursements per inpatient visit of any U.S. hospital with at least 150 beds.

Over the past few weeks, in the fallout from The Times investigation, Swedish CEO Tony Armada resigned, as did the Swedish Neuroscience Institutes top surgeon, Dr. Johnny Delashaw. State health regulators also have launched an investigation into the practices at Swedish-Cherry Hill.

Hudson, who was appointed interim CEO after Armadas departure, apologized to staff in an interview last week, saying leaders had failed to act quickly enough on the concerns raised by caregivers. He said some staffers felt as if there was a culture of intimidation that punished those who tried to raise concerns.

Swedish operates as part of the Providence St. Joseph Health system, which encompasses 50 hospital campuses in seven states. Providence is headed by Dr. Rod Hochman, who was CEO of Swedish until 2012, when Providence and Swedish merged.

Hochman, in his first substantial remarks since The Times investigation, wrote to Swedish staffers on Tuesday to say that he has refrained from commenting to give Hudson the space he needs to make the necessary decisions and take action to begin restoring accountable senior leadership and trust among our caregivers and the community.

Though you have not heard from me directly, Swedish has been very much on my mind, Hochman wrote. I care deeply about the organization and am painfully aware that this has been a difficult time for all of you.

Swedish staffers have expressed frustration in recent days that Hochman hasnt taken responsibility for some of the issues at Swedish. Delashaw, the workhorse surgeon who faced numerous internal complaints about his practices, was initially hired by Providence in 2013 and placed at Cherry Hill despite questions about his work that had surfaced in California.

Hochman said in his staff memo that Delashaw was initially hired by our chief clinical officer at the time, not me.

At the end of 2014, the neuroscience institute was looking for a new leader. Four people who attended a small meeting called by Hochman have said Hochman quashed discussion of a national search for a new leader and instead told surgeons the new leader would be chosen internally. Despite dozens of internal complaints about Delashaw, he was elevated to be the neuroscience institutes leader.

At times, workers raised concerns about Delashaw to Hochman, according to records. Dr. Ralph Pascualy, then the chief executive of physicians at Swedish, confronted Hochman about Delashaw in a November memo that urged Hochman to take action.

You are perceived as giving him special privilege and honor when he is held in extremely low regard by every other physician on the medical staff, Pascualy wrote.

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US Attorney's Office launches investigation of Swedish neurosurgery unit - The Seattle Times

Humans May Have Played Very Active Role In Desertification Of The Sahara, Research Finds – CleanTechnica

March 17th, 2017 by James Ayre

Humans may have played a very active role in the desertification of the Sahara, according to new research from Dr David Wright of Seoul National University.

The new findings directly contradict the earlier supposition that the rapid shift from a heavily greened landscape to the modern Sahara desert, over just a few thousand years time, was driven entirely by natural processes. (Obviously, if one considers human behavior to be natural, than there is no real distinction, but that doesnt change the fact that people may have played a major role in the desertification of the region.)

In East Asia there are long established theories of how Neolithic populations changed the landscape so profoundly that monsoons stopped penetrating so far inland, commented Wright. Wright then went on to note that evidence of human-driven climatic and ecological change has been documented in Europe, North America, and New Zealand as well, and that similar scenarios could well have occurred in the Sahara.

Nick Fraser, Journal Development Manager, Frontiers in Earth Sciences, provides more: To test his hypothesis, Wright reviewed archaeological evidence documenting the first appearances of pastoralism across the Saharan region, and compared this with records showing the spread of scrub vegetation, an indicator of an ecological shift towards desert-like conditions. The findings confirmed his thoughts; beginning approximately 8,000 years ago in the regions surrounding the Nile River, pastoral communities began to appear and spread westward, in each case at the same time as an increase in scrub vegetation.

Growing agricultural addiction had a severe effect on the regions ecology. As more vegetation was removed by the introduction of livestock, it increased the albedo (the amount of sunlight that reflects off the earths surface) of the land, which in turn influenced atmospheric conditions sufficiently to reduce monsoon rainfall. The weakening monsoons caused further desertification and vegetation loss, promoting a feedback loop which eventually spread over the entirety of the modern Sahara.

If true, that would make for simply yet another version of the age-old human story of unintended consequences. In other words, its yet another show of the fact that humans arent nearly as clever as most of uslike to thinkwe are.

To reiterate that last point, historical study clearly shows that soil erosion and desertification played a significant role in the collapse of many earlier civilizations. And since were talking about North Africa here it should be remembered that after the Roman Republic had more or less depleted the soils of Southern Europe (and entered into the civil war period that led to the birth of the Roman Empire), it colonized the region which still possessed good soil fertility at the time at the expense of the mostly Phoenician locals. (The Afri were one of the Phoenician groups living there at the time, and served as the basis of the name Africa.)

For many of the years that followed, this colonization of North Africa functioned as the breadbasket of the Roman Empire. The current state of North Africas depleted soils is partly the result of the mass-scale agriculture of the time, and partly the result of the overgrazing and abandonment of the aqueducts that followed Islamic conquest. (There was also a brief period when the Germanic Vandals had control of some parts of the region, before the Arabs then pushed them out.)

Commenting on what comes next, Wright stated: There were lakes everywhere in the Sahara at this time, and they will have the records of the changing vegetation. We need to drill down into these former lake beds to get the vegetation records, look at the archaeology, and see what people were doing there. It is very difficult to model the effect of vegetation on climate systems. It is our job as archaeologists and ecologists to go out and get the data, to help to make more sophisticated models.

Overall, Wrights work makes for an interesting interpretation of the available data. Personally, I wouldnt be surprised at all if humans were the primary driver of desertification in the region aided by the climatic turbulence of the times. Theres probably a parallel to be drawn there with modern times

The new findings are detailed in a paper published in the journal Frontiers in Earth Science.

Image bySidy Niang(some rights reserved)

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Tags: desertification, North Africa, overgrazing, Sahara Desert

James Ayre 's background is predominantly in geopolitics and history, but he has an obsessive interest in pretty much everything. After an early life spent in the Imperial Free City of Dortmund, James followed the river Ruhr to Cofbuokheim, where he attended the University of Astnide. And where he also briefly considered entering the coal mining business. He currently writes for a living, on a broad variety of subjects, ranging from science, to politics, to military history, to renewable energy. You can follow his work on Google+.

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Humans May Have Played Very Active Role In Desertification Of The Sahara, Research Finds - CleanTechnica

Pentagon sees more AI involvement in cybersecurity – Defense Systems

Cyber Defense

As the Pentagons Joint Regional Security Stacks moves forward with efforts to reduce the server footprint, integrate regional data networks and facilitate improved interoperability between previously stove-piped data systems, IT developers see cybersecurity efforts moving quickly toward increased artificial intelligence (AI) technology.

I think within the next 18-months, AI will become a key factor in helping human analysts make decisions about what to do, former DOD Chief Information Officer Terry Halvorsen said.

As technology and advanced algorithms progress, new autonomous programs able to perform a wider range of functions by themselves are expected to assist human programmers and security experts defending DOD networks from intrusions and malicious actors.

Given the volume and where I see the threat moving, it will be impossible for humans by themselves to keep pace, Halvorsen added.

Much of the conceptual development surrounding this AI phenomenon hinges upon the recognition that computers are often faster and more efficient at performing various procedural functions; at the same time, many experts maintain that human cognition is important when it comes to solving problems or responding to fast-changing, dynamic situations.

However, in some cases, industry is already integrating automated computer programs designed to be deceptive giving potential intruders the impression that what they are probing is human activity.

For example, executives from the cybersecurity firm Galois are working on a more sophisticated version of a honey pot tactic, which seeks to create an attractive location for attackers, only to glean information about them.

Honey pots are an early version ofcyberdeception. We are expanding on that concept and broadening it greatly, said Adam Wick, research head at Galois.

A key element of these techniques uses computer automation to replicate human behavior to confuse a malicious actor, hoping to monitor or gather information from traffic going across a network.

Its goal is to generate traffic that misleads the attacker, so that the attacker cannot figure out what is real and what is not real, he added.

The method generates very human looking web sessions, Wick explained. An element of this strategy is to generate automated or fake traffic to mask web searches and servers so that attackers do not know what is real.

Fake computers look astonishingly real, he said. We have not to date been successful in always keeping people off of our computers. How can we make the attackers job harder once they get to the site, so they are not able to distinguish useful data from junk.

Using watermarks to identify cyber behavior of malicious actors is another aspect of this more offensive strategy to identify and thwart intruders.

We cant predict every attack. Are we ever going to get where everything is completely invulnerable? No, but with AI, we can change the configuration of a network faster than humans can, Halvorsen added.

The concept behind the AI approach is to isolate a problem, reroute around it, and then destroy the malware.

About the Author

Kris Osborn is editor-in-chief of Defense Systems. He can be reached at kosborn@1105media.com.

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Pentagon sees more AI involvement in cybersecurity - Defense Systems