Monthly Archives: September 2016

Neuroscience

Popular Neuroscience Books – Goodreads

The reason I said earlier that the mind is neither the Cartesian, highly intellectualized, cranium-confined firm-and-frozen ego, nor the self-effaced, world-immersed, flowing, field-like non-thingy occurrence, is that even though I was feeling my limbs to be alien to myself, that did not mean that I felt them to be disconnected. Rather, they were intimately connected, yet, merely connected to me, and not phenomenologically proper parts of myself. The mind-world boundary seems to have moved from the skin/environment junction to the innervated/denervated junction within the body. So part of the body has become external to the mind, or de-minded. Istvn Aranyosi, The Peripheral Mind: Philosophy of Mind and the Peripheral Nervous System

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Popular Neuroscience Books - Goodreads

Neuroscience

Careers in Neuroscience | Neuroscience Major

The ability to find fulfilling employment after graduation is(or should be) of concern to all students. It is in your best interest to explore career options relatively early in your college career so that you can seek out opportunities that will make you an excellent candidate for your desired position. Consider the careers below and/or make an appointment with an advisor to discuss your options.

Most of the careers that people associate with neuroscience require doctorate-level education. Some examples of careers for people with advanced degrees include:

Master's Level Careers

Many careers in neuroscience can be obtained through a master's-level education. Some examples of careers for people with a master's degree include:

* May require additional training or certification

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Careers in Neuroscience | Neuroscience Major

Anatomy

Basic Anatomy

What is basic anatomy?

Basic anatomy is one of the three major subdivisions of human anatomy (with Gross Anatomy and Histology). It is actually a code to understand the terminology and concepts of anatomy. Basic anatomy introduces the students to the definitions, terminology and basic theme of anatomy. Without knowing the very basic concepts, it is very difficult to understand the complex structural details of human body and that is why, basic anatomy must be learned completely before learning human anatomy. In the gross anatomy, you will study the general and special features of Humerus (arm bone) however, you first need to know what is a bone and what are its characteristics. This part of anatomical study is covered in Basic Anatomy and from this illustration, you can easily imagine the importance of it.

MANanatomy.com explains basic anatomy in a taxonomic way. The complete description is made in 9 sections, which are all listed below. All the necessary details are explained, however we have tried to keep things as brief as possible because you should only be getting basic knowledge in basic anatomy. When you complete the course of Basic anatomy at MANanatomy.com, you will find yourself at significant benefit in the process of learning the complete anatomy of human body. The explanation of basic anatomy is divided into the following sections;

All the links above explain only the basic anatomy of various systems of human body. To learn the detailed gross anatomy, visit the links below;

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Basic Anatomy

Anatomy

Anatomy Arcade

WHAT'S THIS

Anatomy Arcade makes basic human anatomy come ALIVE through awesome free flash games, interactives and videos.

Anatomy Arcade is perfect for the novice teenager in the classroom, right through to students and professionals of health care looking for a fun way to revise.

With the help of Media Saints, we plan on making many more iPad apps. Poke-A-Muscle is next followed by a digestive game called Eat Me and eventually a very exciting, whole body system game called Machine Man!

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Anatomy Arcade

Anatomy

Human Anatomy Atlas by Visible Body

Male and female 3D gross human anatomy models

Each model includes 4,600+ structures. All body systems covered: nervous (brain, nerves, sensory organs), skeletal (ligaments and bursae), circulatory, muscular, digestive, urinary, lymphatic, endocrine, and reproductive. Additional microanatomy models detail structures of sensory organs (skin, ear, eye, tongue).

Each body system includes a series of quick-to-get-to preset views that showcase key organs and surrounding anatomy. Use them to study, teach, or learn. Rotate around a 2D model of the heart. Dissect away arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum. Zoom in and study the ducts of the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas. Edit any view and save to view again.

Read detailed definitions, Latin names, and descriptions of injuries, diseases, and pathologies. Listen to pronunciations. Test your knowledge with over 1,000 quiz questions.

"It's a beautiful tool to work with. It helps me to explain certain problems of the human body to students and patients."

"It makes it so much easier for my patients to see and understand where and why they experience pain. Just a wonderful app!"

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Note: Check your device type for specifics and additional costs. Additional content includes pins and pain that detail muscle attachments, 3D rotatable models that show common muscle movements, bony landmarks, and patient education physiology and pathology animations. Watch a demo: An emergency room doctor explains gallstones.

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Human Anatomy Atlas by Visible Body

Immunology

Neuroimmunology 2016| Global Meetings on Neuroimmunology …

Conferenceseries.llc invites all the participants from all over the world to attend2ndInternationalconference on Neuroimmunology, December 01-03, 2016, Atlanta, USA which includes prompt keynote presentations, Oral talks, Poster presentations and Exhibitions.

Thescientific sessions of Neuroimmunology-2016will focus on the current research areas includes neuroimmunological diseases, Neuroimmune interactions, its wide therapeutic aspects including the role of stem cells,Biomarkers, immune therapy along with psychiatric disorders which are most common outcomes of neuroimmunological imbalance.Neuroimmunology-2016 summonsparticipants from paramount universities, research institutions and diagnostic companies to exhibit their research expertise on all aspects of this rapidly expanding field.

Track 1:Neuroimmunology

Neuroimmunology,a branch ofimmunologythat deals especially with the interrelationships of the nervous system and immune responses and autoimmune disorders. Its deals with particularly fundamental and appliedneurobiology,neurology,neuropathology,neurochemistry,neurovirology,neuroendocrinology, neuromuscular research, neuropharmacology and psychology, which involve either immunologic methodology (e.g. immunocytochemistry) or fundamental immunology (e.g. antibody and lymphocyte assays).

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6thGlobal Neurologist annualMeeting onNeurologyand neurosurgery, Aug 1-3,2016, Frankfurt, Germany; 4thInternationalconference onNeurologyand therapeutics July 27-29, 2015, Rome Italy; 6thGlobalNeurologistannualMeeting on Neurologyand neurosurgery, Aug 1-3,2016, Frankfurt, Germany; USA; 5thWorldConference on NeurologyandTherapeutics, March 14-16 ,2016, London UK;5thInternationalConference onAlzheimersDisease &DementiaSeptember 29-October 01, 2016 London, UK;2ndAdolescent MedicineandChildPsychology ConferenceAugust 29- 31, 2016 Atlanta, USA; 3rdEuroPsychiatryConferenceSeptember 7-9, 2016 Amsterdam, Netherlands; 2ndDepression,AnxietyandStress Management MeetingNovember 3-4, 2016 Valencia, Spain; 2ndPsychiatryandPsychiatric DisordersConference, May 02-04, 2016, Chicago, USA;PositivePsychologyConferenceJuly 11-12, 2016 Philadelphia, USA;

RegionalCongressof the World Federation for Mental Health 01 Oct 2015 03 Oct 2015, Singapore; Internationalconference onNeurorehabitation,November 12-16, 2016,Dubai ,UAE;9thNeurodegenerativeConditionsResearch & Development Conference,9thSep to 9thOct ,2015, Philadelphia ,United States;CNSDiseases World Summit9th Sep 9th Nov 2015, Philadelphia, United States;Brain-ComputerInterfaces Special Sessionat CEEC,24th 25th Sep, 2015, Colchester, UK; Mozart &the Mind - This is Your Brain on Music 25th -27th Sep, San Diego, US;Mucosal ImmunologyConferenceJuly 28-29, 2016, Melbourne, Australia;Cancer ImmunologyandImmunotherapyConferenceuly 28-30, 2016, Melbourne, AustraliaBIT's 7thAnnual InternationalCongress ofAntibodies-2015 April 25-28, 2015 Nanjing, China;15thInternationalCongress onAnti-phospholipid Antibodies, Sep 21-24 ,2016,Istanbul, Turkey; Canadian society of allergy andclinical immunology annual meeting2015,October 21, 2015 - October 24, 2015,Ottawa, Canada; Spanish society of allergy andclinical immunology 31st annual congress2015,October 22, 2015 - October 24, 2015,Sevilla, Spain;2nd international primaryimmunodeficiencies congress2015,November 5, 2015 - November 6, 2015,Budapest, Budapest, Hungary ; American college of allergy, asthma andimmunology annual meeting2015, November 5, 2015 - November 9, 2015,San antonio, united states;14th Transplantation science symposium 2015,November 11, 2015 - November 13, 2015,Lorne, Australia; Japanese society forimmunology 44th annual meeting2015, November 18, 2015 - November 20, 2015, Sapporo, japan;Australian society for immunology45th annual meeting 2015, November 29, 2015 - December 3, 2015 Canberra, Australia; Turkish national allergy andclinical immunology association22nd annual meeting 2015,November 29, 2015 - December 2, 2015,Gloria resort, bleak, Turkey; Austrian society of allergology andimmunology annual symposium2015,December 11, 2015 - December 12, 2015 Wien, Austria;8th Immunotherapeutic &Immunomonitoring conference2016,January 25, 2016 - January 26, 2016,San Diego, CA, united states; keystone symposia: cell biology andimmunology of persistent infection2016January 31, 2016 - February 4, 2016,Banff, alberta, Canada;

Track 2:Neurovirology

Neurovirologyis an interdisciplinary field which represents a melding of clinical neuroscience, virology, immunology, and molecular biology. The main focus of the field is to study viruses capable of infecting the nervous system.

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Internationalconference onAutoimmunity, Oct 13-15, 2016, Manchester ,UK;4thInternational conference andExhibition onimmunologySeptember 28-30, 2015, Houston USA;5thInternational Conference onImmunologyOctober 24-26,2015 Chicago, USA;Internationalconference onNeurorehabitation,November 12-16, 2016, Dubai ,UAE;6thGenomicsandPharmacogenomics Conference; September 22-24, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 5th International Conference onImmunologyOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA;4th InternationalConference and Exhibition onImmunologySeptember 28-30, 2015 Houston, USA;8th Indo Global summit andExpo on Vaccines, Therapeutics & HealthcareNovember 02-04, 2015 HICC, Hyderabad, India; InternationalConference onHepatitisVaccinesJune 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; InternationalConference on Cancer ImmunologyandImmunotherapyJuly 28-30, 2016 Melbourne, Australia; Conference for Young Scientists 2015 (CYS-2015)2125 September 2015 Kyiv, Ukraine;Neuroscience2015 October 17-21 at McCormick Place in Chicago; Annual InternationalConference on Neuroscience andNeurobiologyResearch, 26-27 October, Bangkok, Thailand; InternationalConference onBiochemicalMarkersfor Brain Damage,1416 September 2015,Lund, Sweden;The 4th ChampalimaudNeuroscienceSymposium Perspectives on Social Behavior1619 September 2015 +Lisbon, Portugal;Personalized MedicineWorld Congres; January 24-27, Silicon Valley; Canadian society of allergy and clinical immunology annual meeting 2015,October 21, 2015 - october 24, 2015,Ottawa, canada;Spanish society of allergyand clinical immunology 31st annual congress 2015,October 22, 2015 - October 24, 2015,Sevilla, Spain;2ndinternational primary immunodeficienciescongress 2015,November 5, 2015 - november 6, 2015,Budapest, budapest, hungery ; American college of allergy, asthma andimmunology annual meeting2015, November 5, 2015 - november 9, 2015,San antonio, united states;14th Transplantation science symposium 2015,November 11, 2015 - November 13, 2015,Lorne, Australia;Japanese societyfor immunology 44th annual meeting2015, November 18, 2015 - November 20, 2015, Sapporo, japan;Australian society for immunology45th annual meeting 2015, November 29, 2015 - December 3, 2015 Canberra, Australia;Turkish national allergy andclinical immunology association22nd annual meeting 2015,November 29, 2015 - December 2, 2015,Gloria resort, bleak, Turkey;Austrian society of allergologyand immunology annual symposium 2015,December 11, 2015 - December 12, 2015 Wien, Austria;8thImmunotherapeutics & Immunomonitoring conference2016,January 25, 2016 - January 26, 2016,San diego, ca, united states;keystone symposia:cell biology and immunology of persistent infection2016January 31, 2016 - february 4, 2016,Banff, alberta, canada;

Track 3:Brain-Computer Interface

Brain Compter Interface is most significant and Influential research in 20th century.Hownervous system is the network of nerve cells and fibers coordinate its transmission throughout the body .The goal of this session is to understandBrain Mapping, Neuro-Informatics, Current trends in Neuroinformatics,Neural Networksand Genetic Algorithms,Neuro Sensingand Neural Prosthesis and Controlling Neurons, Circuits and Behavior. In medial and diagnostic perspective it has a wide role of execution .

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4thInternationalconference & Exhibition onNeurologyand TherapeuticsJuly 27-29, 2015 Rome, Italy;5thWorld Congress onNeurology and TherapeuticsMarch 14-16, 2016 London, UK; International Conference onNeuro GeneticsJune 06-07, 2016 London, UK; 6thWorld Neurological ConferenceMay 19-21, 2016 San Antonio, USA; 5thInternationalConference onAlzheimersDisease&DementiaSeptember 29-October 01, 2016 London, UK; 6thGlobal Neurologist annualMeeting onNeurologyand neurosurgery, Aug 1-3,2016, Frankfurt, Germany; 4thInternationalconference onNeurologyand therapeutics July 27-29, 2015, Rome Italy; 6thGlobalNeurologistannualMeeting on Neurologyand neurosurgery, Aug 1-3,2016, Frankfurt, Germany; USA;5th InternationalConference onImmunologyOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA; The LancetNeurology Autoimmune Disorders Conference, March 26-27, 2015 Barcelona, Spain; 10th InternationalConference on Front temporalDementias31 August - 2 September 2016 Munich, Germany; 12th GlobalVaccine and Vaccination Submit and Expo, Oct 20th -22nd 2016,Dubai, UAE; World Congress and Exhibition on Antibodies ,Sep 14th 16th . Las Vegas, Nevada. USA;2nd International Conference on Innate Immunity, July 21st 22nd,2015,Berlin ,Germany;Mucosal ImmunologyConference July 28-29, 2016, Melbourne, Australia;Cancer ImmunologyandImmunotherapy Conferenceuly 28-30, 2016, Melbourne, AustraliaBIT's 7thAnnualInternational Congress ofAntibodies-2015 April 25-28, 2015 Nanjing, China;15thInternationalCongress onAnti-phospholipid Antibodies, Sep 21-24 ,2016,Istanbul, Turkey;Canadian society of allergyand clinical immunology annual meeting 2015,October 21, 2015 - october 24, 2015,Ottawa, canada;Spanish society of allergyand clinical immunology 31st annual congress 2015,October 22, 2015 - October 24, 2015,Sevilla, Spain;2nd international primaryimmunodeficiencies congress2015,November 5, 2015 - november 6, 2015,Budapest, budapest, hungery ; American college of allergy, asthma andimmunology annual meeting2015, November 5, 2015 - november 9, 2015,San antonio, united states;14thTransplantation science symposium2015,November 11, 2015 - November 13, 2015,Lorne, Australia;Japanese society for immunology 44th annual meeting 2015, November 18, 2015 - November 20, 2015, Sapporo, japan; Australian society for immunology 45th annual meeting 2015, November 29, 2015 - December 3, 2015 Canberra, Australia;Turkish national allergy andclinical immunology association22nd annual meeting 2015,November 29, 2015 - December 2, 2015,Gloria resort, bleak, Turkey;Austrian society of allergologyand immunology annual symposium 2015,December 11, 2015 - December 12, 2015 Wien, Austria;8th I mmunotherapeutics &Immunomonitoring conference2016,January 25, 2016 - January 26, 2016,San diego, ca, united states;Allergy ConferencesSeptember 14-15, 2016 Amsterdam, Netherlands;Asthma EventsSeptember 14-15, 2016 Amsterdam, Netherlands;

Track 4:Neuro-immune interaction

Theinflammatory responseis modulated through interactions among the nervous, endocrine, andimmune systems. Intercommunication betweenimmune cellsand the autonomicnervous systemis a growing area of interest .Spatial and temporal information about inflammatory processes is relayed to the central nervous system where neuroimmune modulation serves to control the extent and intensity of theinflammation.TheCNSregulates the immune system via hormonal and neuronal pathways, including the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The immune system signals the CNS throughcytokinesthat act both centrally and peripherally.

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5thInternationalConference onAlzheimersDisease & DementiaSeptember 29-October 01, 2016 London, UK;Internationalconference onNeurorehabitation, November 12-16, 2016, Dubai ,UAE;6thGlobal Neurologist annualMeeting onNeurologyand neurosurgery,Aug 1-3,2016, Frankfurt, Germany;5thWorldConference on Neurology andTherapeutics, March 14-16 ,2016, London UK; Internationalconference onAutoimmunity, Oct 13-15, 2016, Manchester ,UK;2nd International Conference onInnateImmunity July 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany;4thInternationalConference and Exhibition onImmunologySeptember 28-30, 2015 Houston, Texas; 5thInternationalConference onImmunology, Oct 24-26,2016,Chicago, USA; InternationalAllergyConference, Mar 29th 30th,2015, Valencia Spain;USA;4thInternational Conference andExhibition onImmunology, Sep 28-30, 2015, Houston,USA;Neuroscience2015 October 17-21 at McCormick Place in Chicago; Annual InternationalConference on Neuroscience andNeurobiologyResearch, 26-27 October, Bangkok, Thailand; InternationalConference onBiochemical Markersfor Brain Damage,1416 September 2015,Lund, Sweden;The 4th ChampalimaudNeuroscienceSymposium Perspectives on Social Behavior ,1619 September 2015Lisbon, Portugal; 13thAsia Specific, Global Submit and Expo on,Vaccineand Vaccination ,November 10th12th,Brisbane ,Australia; 12thGlobalVaccineand Vaccination Submit and Expo, Oct 20th-22nd2016,Dubai, UAE;WorldCongress and Exhibition on Antibodies,Sep 14th 16th. Las Vegas, Nevada. USA; 2ndInternationalConference onInnate Immunity,July 21st 22nd,2015,Berlin ,Germany;Neuroscience2015 October 17-21 at McCormick Place in Chicago; Annual InternationalConference on NeuroscienceandNeurobiologyResearch, 26-27 October, Bangkok, Thailand; InternationalConference onBiochemical Markersfor Brain Damage,1416 September 2015,Lund, Sweden;The 4th ChampalimaudNeuroscienceSymposium Perspectives on Social Behavior ,1619 September 2015Lisbon, Portugal; Canadian society of allergy andclinical immunology annual meeting2015,October 21, 2015 - october 24, 2015,Ottawa, canada; Spanish society of allergy and clinical immunology 31st annual congress 2015,October 22, 2015 - October 24, 2015,Sevilla, Spain;2nd international primaryimmunodeficiencies congress2015,November 5, 2015 - November 6, 2015,Budapest, budapest, hungery ; American college of allergy, asthma andimmunology annual meeting2015, November 5, 2015 - november 9, 2015,San antonio, united states;14thTransplantation science symposium2015,November 11, 2015 - November 13, 2015,Lorne, Australia;Japanese society for immunology44th annual meeting 2015, November 18, 2015 - November 20, 2015, Sapporo, japan;Australian society for immunology45th annual meeting 2015, November 29, 2015 - December 3, 2015 Canberra, Australia;Turkish national allergy andclinical immunology association22nd annual meeting 2015,November 29, 2015 - December 2, 2015,Gloria resort, bleak, Turkey;Austrian society of allergologyand immunology annual symposium2015,December 11, 2015 - December 12, 2015 Wien, Austria;8th Immunotherapeutics &Immunomonitoring conference2016,January 25, 2016 - January 26, 2016,San diego, ca, united states;keystone symposia:cell biology and immunology of persistent infection2016January 31, 2016 - february 4, 2016,Banff, alberta, canada;

Track 5:Autoimmune Neuropathies

Damage to nerves caused byautoimmune disease. An autoimmune disease is a malfunction of the body's immune response which causes it to attack itself. In the cause of autoimmuneneuropathies, the immune system attacks the nerves resulting in nerve damage.Rheumatoid arthritisandlupusareautoimmune disordersthat can cause autoimmuneneuropathy.Basically itsnerve diseases from autoimmune damage.

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Internationalconference onAutoimmunity, Oct 13-15, 2016, Manchester ,UK;4thInternational conference andExhibition onimmunologySeptember 28-30, 2015, Houston USA;5thInternational Conference onImmunologyOctober 24-26,2015 Chicago, USA;Internationalconference onNeurorehabitation,November 12-16, 2016, Dubai ,UAE;6thGenomicsandPharmacogenomics Conference; September 22-24, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 5th International Conference onImmunologyOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA;4th InternationalConference and Exhibition onImmunologySeptember 28-30, 2015 Houston, USA;8th Indo Global summit andExpo on Vaccines, Therapeutics & HealthcareNovember 02-04, 2015 HICC, Hyderabad, India; InternationalConference onHepatitisVaccinesJune 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy; InternationalConference on Cancer ImmunologyandImmunotherapyJuly 28-30, 2016 Melbourne, Australia; Conference for Young Scientists 2015 (CYS-2015)2125 September 2015 Kyiv, Ukraine;Neuroscience2015 October 17-21 at McCormick Place in Chicago; Annual InternationalConference on Neuroscience andNeurobiologyResearch, 26-27 October, Bangkok, Thailand; InternationalConference onBiochemicalMarkersfor Brain Damage,1416 September 2015,Lund, Sweden;The 4th ChampalimaudNeuroscienceSymposium Perspectives on Social Behavior1619 September 2015 +Lisbon, Portugal;Personalized MedicineWorld Congres; January 24-27, Silicon Valley; Canadian society of allergy and clinical immunology annual meeting 2015,October 21, 2015 - october 24, 2015,Ottawa, canada;Spanish society of allergyand clinical immunology 31st annual congress 2015,October 22, 2015 - October 24, 2015,Sevilla, Spain;2ndinternational primary immunodeficienciescongress 2015,November 5, 2015 - november 6, 2015,Budapest, budapest, hungery ; American college of allergy, asthma andimmunology annual meeting2015, November 5, 2015 - november 9, 2015,San antonio, united states;14th Transplantation science symposium 2015,November 11, 2015 - November 13, 2015,Lorne, Australia;Japanese societyfor immunology 44th annual meeting2015, November 18, 2015 - November 20, 2015, Sapporo, japan;Australian society for immunology45th annual meeting 2015, November 29, 2015 - December 3, 2015 Canberra, Australia;Turkish national allergy andclinical immunology association22nd annual meeting 2015,November 29, 2015 - December 2, 2015,Gloria resort, bleak, Turkey;Austrian society of allergologyand immunology annual symposium 2015,December 11, 2015 - December 12, 2015 Wien, Austria;8thImmunotherapeutics & Immunomonitoring conference2016,January 25, 2016 - January 26, 2016,San diego, ca, united states;keystone symposia:cell biology and immunology of persistent infection2016January 31, 2016 - february 4, 2016,Banff, alberta, canada;

Track 6:Neuroimmunological Infectious disease

The termneuro-immune diseaserefers to a group of complex multisymptomdiseasescharacterized by acquired deregulation of both theimmunesystemand the nervous system. Thesediseasesmost often follow aninfectiousor flu-like illness and may result in lifelong diseaseand disability.Encephalitisis defined as inflammation of thebrain. This definition means encephalitis is different frommeningitis, .Multiple sclerosisalso a big example of NeuroimmunologicalInfectious disease

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4th International Conference and Exhibition onImmunologySeptember 28-30, 2015 Houston, USA;8th Indo Global summit and Expo on Vaccines, Therapeutics &HealthcareNovember 02-04, 2015 HICC, Hyderabad, India; International Conference on Cancer Immunology andImmunotherapyJuly 28-30,2016 Melbourne, Australia;2nd International Conference and Exhibition onAntibodiesJuly 14-15, 2016 Philadelphia, US;InternationalAllergyConference March 29-30, 2016 Valencia, Spain;2ndInternational Conference on Brain disorderand therapeutics, October 27-29,2016, Chicago, USA;2ndInternational Conference on Neurological Disorder andStroke, April 28-30, 2016, Dubai, UAE; 2nd International Conference onParasitologyAugust 01-03, 2016 Manchester, UK; GlobalNeuroscienceconference, Nov 7-9, 2016, Melbourne, Australia ;4thInternational Conference on VascularDementia,June 30- July 2, 2016, Valencia, Spain;2nd International Conference on ParasitologyAugust 01-03, 2016 Manchester, UK;International Conference onHepatitisVaccines June 16-18, 2016 Rome, Italy;5th International Conference onImmunologyOctober 24-26, 2016 Chicago, USA; The Lancet NeurologyAutoimmune DisordersConference, March 26-27, 2015 Barcelona, Spain; 10th International Conference on FronttemporalDementias 31 August - 2 September 2016 Munich, Germany; EuropeanNeurologyconference, Sep 10-12, Amsterdam, Netherland ; 6thworldNeurologicalconference, May 19-21, 2016, San Atlanto,USA; International conference onNeurogenetics, June 6-7, London,UK;Neuroscience2015 October 17-21 at McCormick Place in Chicago; Annual International Conference on Neuroscience andNeurobiologyResearch, 26-27 October, Bangkok, Thailand; The 4th ChampalimaudNeuroscienceSymposium Perspectives on Social Behavior; Canadian society of allergy and clinical immunology annual meeting 2015,October 21, 2015 - october 24, 2015,Ottawa, canada;WorldCongress and Exhibition on Antibodies,Sep 14th 16th. Las Vegas, Nevada. USA; 2ndInternationalConference onInnate Immunity,July 21st 22nd,2015,Berlin ,Germany;Neuroscience2015 October 17-21 at McCormick Place in Chicago; Annual InternationalConference on NeuroscienceandNeurobiologyResearch, 26-27 October, Bangkok, Thailand; InternationalConference onBiochemical Markersfor Brain Damage,1416 September 2015,Lund, Sweden;The 4th ChampalimaudNeuroscienceSymposium Perspectives on Social Behavior ,1619 September 2015Lisbon, Portugal; Canadian society of allergy andclinical immunology annual meeting2015,October 21, 2015 - october 24, 2015,Ottawa, canada; Spanish society of allergy and clinical immunology 31st annual congress 2015,October 22, 2015 - October 24, 2015,Sevilla, Spain;2nd international primaryimmunodeficiencies congress2015,November 5, 2015 - November 6, 2015,Budapest, budapest, hungery ; American college of allergy, asthma andimmunology annual meeting2015, November 5, 2015 - november 9, 2015,San antonio, united states;14thTransplantation science symposium2015,November 11, 2015 - November 13, 2015,Lorne, Australia;Japanese society for immunology44th annual meeting 2015, November 18, 2015 - November 20, 2015, Sapporo, japan;Australian society for immunology45th annual meeting 2015, November 29, 2015 - December 3, 2015 Canberra, Australia;Turkish national allergy andclinical immunology association22nd annual meeting 2015,November 29, 2015 - December 2, 2015,Gloria resort, bleak, Turkey;Austrian society of allergologyand immunology annual symposium2015,December 11, 2015 - December 12, 2015 Wien, Austria;8th Immunotherapeutics &Immunomonitoring conference2016,January 25, 2016 - January 26, 2016,San diego, ca, united states;keystone symposia:cell biology and immunology of persistent infection2016January 31, 2016 - february 4, 2016,Banff, alberta, canada;

Track 7:Neurodegenerative Disease

Neurodegenerative diseasesoccur when nervous system cells (neurons) in the brain andspinal cordbegin to deteriorate. Changes in these cells cause them to function abnormally and eventually result in the cells' demise. As neurons deteriorate, an individual may first experience relatively mild symptoms problems with coordination or remembering names. But as huge numbers ofneuronsdie, symptoms progressively worsen. In some cases, patients lose the ability to walk independently, think clearly, or generally function in the world. Ultimately, many of these diseases are fatal. Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and or death of nerve cells.

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5thInternationalConference onAlzheimersDisease & DementiaSeptember 29-October 01, 2016 London, UK;Internationalconference onNeurorehabitation, November 12-16, 2016, Dubai ,UAE;6thGlobal Neurologist annualMeeting onNeurologyand neurosurgery,Aug 1-3,2016, Frankfurt, Germany;5thWorldConference on Neurology andTherapeutics, March 14-16 ,2016, London UK; Internationalconference onAutoimmunity, Oct 13-15, 2016, Manchester ,UK;2nd International Conference onInnateImmunity July 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany;4thInternationalConference and Exhibition onImmunologySeptember 28-30, 2015 Houston, Texas; 5thInternationalConference onImmunology, Oct 24-26,2016,Chicago, USA; InternationalAllergyConference, Mar 29th 30th,2015, Valencia Spain;USA;4thInternational Conference andExhibition onImmunology, Sep 28-30, 2015, Houston,USA;Neuroscience2015 October 17-21 at McCormick Place in Chicago; Annual InternationalConference on Neuroscience andNeurobiologyResearch, 26-27 October, Bangkok, Thailand; InternationalConference onBiochemical Markersfor Brain Damage,1416 September 2015,Lund, Sweden;The 4th ChampalimaudNeuroscienceSymposium Perspectives on Social Behavior ,1619 September 2015Lisbon, Portugal; 13thAsia Specific, Global Submit and Expo on,Vaccineand Vaccination ,November 10th12th,Brisbane ,Australia; 12thGlobalVaccineand Vaccination Submit and Expo, Oct 20th-22nd2016,Dubai, UAE;WorldCongress and Exhibition on Antibodies,Sep 14th 16th. Las Vegas, Nevada. USA; 2ndInternationalConference onInnate Immunity,July 21st 22nd,2015,Berlin ,Germany;Neuroscience2015 October 17-21 at McCormick Place in Chicago; Annual InternationalConference on NeuroscienceandNeurobiologyResearch, 26-27 October, Bangkok, Thailand; InternationalConference onBiochemical Markersfor Brain Damage,1416 September 2015,Lund, Sweden;The 4th ChampalimaudNeuroscienceSymposium Perspectives on Social Behavior ,1619 September 2015Lisbon, Portugal; Canadian society of allergy andclinical immunology annual meeting2015,October 21, 2015 - october 24, 2015,Ottawa, canada; Spanish society of allergy and clinical immunology 31st annual congress 2015,October 22, 2015 - October 24, 2015,Sevilla, Spain;2nd international primaryimmunodeficiencies congress2015,November 5, 2015 - November 6, 2015,Budapest, budapest, hungery ; American college of allergy, asthma andimmunology annual meeting2015, November 5, 2015 - november 9, 2015,San antonio, united states;14thTransplantation science symposium2015,November 11, 2015 - November 13, 2015,Lorne, Australia;Japanese society for immunology44th annual meeting 2015, November 18, 2015 - November 20, 2015, Sapporo, japan;Australian society for immunology45th annual meeting 2015, November 29, 2015 - December 3, 2015 Canberra, Australia;Turkish national allergy andclinical immunology association22nd annual meeting 2015,November 29, 2015 - December 2, 2015,Gloria resort, bleak, Turkey;Austrian society of allergologyand immunology annual symposium2015,December 11, 2015 - December 12, 2015 Wien, Austria;8th Immunotherapeutics &Immunomonitoring conference2016,January 25, 2016 - January 26, 2016,San diego, ca, united states;keystone symposia:cell biology and immunology of persistent infection2016January 31, 2016 - february 4, 2016,Banff, alberta, canada;

Track 8:Blood Brain Barrier

More than 100 years ago it was discovered that if blue dye was injected into the bloodstream of an animal, that tissues of the whole body except the brain and spinal cord would turn blue. To explain this, scientists thought that a "Blood-Brain-Barrier" (BBB) which prevents materials from the blood from entering the brain existed. The BBB is semi-permeable; that is, it allows some materials to cross, but prevents others from crossing. In most parts of the body, the smallest blood vessels, called capillaries, are lined with endothelial cells. Endothelial tissue has small spaces between each individual cell so substances can move readily between the inside and the outside of the vessel. However, in the brain, theendothelial cellsfit tightly together and substances cannot pass out of the bloodstream.

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Track 9:Neuroinflammation

Allergy may be a kind of disorder of system that is susceptible in nature. Some quite common symptoms ofallergic reactionarehaptic sensation, running nose, continuous unconditioned reflex, eczema, red eyes etc. once the system of our body reacts with any harmless substances (allergens) within the atmosphere, it causes allergic reaction. The medicines of allergic reaction are in the main obtainable in type of inhalers, eye drops, skin creams, injections, pills, nasal sprays and liquids. Most of the medicines for allergic reaction are obtainable by prescription however few of them are obtainable over counters. Whenever our body is to associate degree matter it triggers your system. Henceantihistamines stop these symptoms by obstruction aminoalkane and keeping it from binding to receptors.

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Track 10:Neuropharmacology

Neuropharmacologymeans the study of drug affect on the cellular function in the nervous system. Behavioral neuropharmacology and molecular neuropharmacology are the two main branches. Behavioral neuropharmacology focus on the study of drugs affect on human behavior (neuropsychopharmacology), including the study of drug dependence and addiction affect on thehuman brain. Molecular neuropharmacology is the study of neurons and their neurochemical interactions, with the objective ofdeveloping drugsthat have beneficial effects onneurological function

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Track 11:Applied Neurobiology

NeuropathologyandAppliedNeurobiologyis a peer-reviewed medicaljournal in the field of neuropathology. It is published by Wiley-Blackwell for the British Neuropathological Society. The journal was established in 1974 and is published bimonthly. Neurobiologyis the branch of biology that deals with nervous system functions and structures. More specifically, neurobiology focuses on the cells andtissuesof the nervous system and how they can form structures andcircuits(pathways) for controlling the body. This system includes common structures, such as the brain andspinal cord, and nerves. Neurobiology can be classified as a sub-discipline within the broader field ofphysiology.

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Track 12:Fundamental Immunology

Immunology is the branch ofbiomedical sciencethat deals with the response of an organism to antigenic challenge and its recognition of what is self and what is not. It deals with the defense mechanisms including all physical, chemical and biological properties of the organism that help it to combat its susceptibility to foreign organisms, material, etc. Immunology deals with physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease as well as malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders like allergies, hypersensitivities,immunedeficiency, transplant rejection andautoimmunedisorders.

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Track 13:Antibody mediated disorder

Inantibody-mediatedinflammatory disease, B cells (uniquewhite blood cells) produce antibodies against the body's own structures; these are called auto-antibodies. When auto-antibodies bind to these structures, they induce unnecessary inflammation that is directed against healthy tissue. Autoantibodies directed against structures in the brain lead to irritation and swelling of brain tissue. If not treated, long standing inflammation can lead to permanent brain damage and dysfunction.

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Track 14:Psychoneuroimmunology

Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of the interaction between psychological processes, the nervous and immune systems of the human body. To understand Psychoneuroimmunology perfectly we need to have idea on psychology,neuroscience, immunology, physiology, genetics,pharmacology,molecular biology,psychiatry, behavioral medicine, infectious diseases,endocrinology, andrheumatology. According to the research it is found that stressed animals have altered immune responses etc. Person having good thoughts will be less susceptible to diseases as their immune system will be active and fight against diseases.Depressionor bad ideas lead to alteration in the CNS activity and consequences such asapoptosisand various other immune modifications occur.

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Track 15: Clinical Neuroimmunology:Multiple Sclerosisand Related Disordersserves as an indispensable resource for physicians interested in, and dealing with, this very complex and evolving branch ofneurology. This comprehensive titleprovides an introduction to basic neuroimmunology and principles of immunotherapy and also serves as a thorough guide to immune-mediated disorders of the central and peripheralnervous system, as well as other systemic disorders with a significant neuroimmunologic component.

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Neuroimmunology 2016| Global Meetings on Neuroimmunology ...

Physiology

Plant physiology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plant physiology is a subdiscipline of botany concerned with the functioning, or physiology, of plants.[1] Closely related fields include plant morphology (structure of plants), plant ecology (interactions with the environment), phytochemistry (biochemistry of plants), cell biology, genetics, biophysics and molecular biology.

Fundamental processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormone functions, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy and stomata function and transpiration, both parts of plant water relations, are studied by plant physiologists.

The field of plant physiology includes the study of all the internal activities of plantsthose chemical and physical processes associated with life as they occur in plants. This includes study at many levels of scale of size and time. At the smallest scale are molecular interactions of photosynthesis and internal diffusion of water, minerals, and nutrients. At the largest scale are the processes of plant development, seasonality, dormancy, and reproductive control. Major subdisciplines of plant physiology include phytochemistry (the study of the biochemistry of plants) and phytopathology (the study of disease in plants). The scope of plant physiology as a discipline may be divided into several major areas of research.

First, the study of phytochemistry (plant chemistry) is included within the domain of plant physiology. To function and survive, plants produce a wide array of chemical compounds not found in other organisms. Photosynthesis requires a large array of pigments, enzymes, and other compounds to function. Because they cannot move, plants must also defend themselves chemically from herbivores, pathogens and competition from other plants. They do this by producing toxins and foul-tasting or smelling chemicals. Other compounds defend plants against disease, permit survival during drought, and prepare plants for dormancy, while other compounds are used to attract pollinators or herbivores to spread ripe seeds.

Secondly, plant physiology includes the study of biological and chemical processes of individual plant cells. Plant cells have a number of features that distinguish them from cells of animals, and which lead to major differences in the way that plant life behaves and responds differently from animal life. For example, plant cells have a cell wall which restricts the shape of plant cells and thereby limits the flexibility and mobility of plants. Plant cells also contain chlorophyll, a chemical compound that interacts with light in a way that enables plants to manufacture their own nutrients rather than consuming other living things as animals do.

Thirdly, plant physiology deals with interactions between cells, tissues, and organs within a plant. Different cells and tissues are physically and chemically specialized to perform different functions. Roots and rhizoids function to anchor the plant and acquire minerals in the soil. Leaves catch light in order to manufacture nutrients. For both of these organs to remain living, minerals that the roots acquire must be transported to the leaves, and the nutrients manufactured in the leaves must be transported to the roots. Plants have developed a number of ways to achieve this transport, such as vascular tissue, and the functioning of the various modes of transport is studied by plant physiologists.

Fourthly, plant physiologists study the ways that plants control or regulate internal functions. Like animals, plants produce chemicals called hormones which are produced in one part of the plant to signal cells in another part of the plant to respond. Many flowering plants bloom at the appropriate time because of light-sensitive compounds that respond to the length of the night, a phenomenon known as photoperiodism. The ripening of fruit and loss of leaves in the winter are controlled in part by the production of the gas ethylene by the plant.

Finally, plant physiology includes the study of plant response to environmental conditions and their variation, a field known as environmental physiology. Stress from water loss, changes in air chemistry, or crowding by other plants can lead to changes in the way a plant functions. These changes may be affected by genetic, chemical, and physical factors.

The chemical elements of which plants are constructedprincipally carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, etc.are the same as for all other life forms animals, fungi, bacteria and even viruses. Only the details of the molecules into which they are assembled differs.

Despite this underlying similarity, plants produce a vast array of chemical compounds with unique properties which they use to cope with their environment. Pigments are used by plants to absorb or detect light, and are extracted by humans for use in dyes. Other plant products may be used for the manufacture of commercially important rubber or biofuel. Perhaps the most celebrated compounds from plants are those with pharmacological activity, such as salicylic acid from which aspirin is made, morphine, and digoxin. Drug companies spend billions of dollars each year researching plant compounds for potential medicinal benefits.

Plants require some nutrients, such as carbon and nitrogen, in large quantities to survive. Such nutrients are termed macronutrients, where the prefix macro- (large) refers to the quantity needed, not the size of the nutrient particles themselves. Other nutrients, called micronutrients, are required only in trace amounts for plants to remain healthy. Such micronutrients are usually absorbed as ions dissolved in water taken from the soil, though carnivorous plants acquire some of their micronutrients from captured prey.

The following tables list element nutrients essential to plants. Uses within plants are generalized.

Among the most important molecules for plant function are the pigments. Plant pigments include a variety of different kinds of molecules, including porphyrins, carotenoids, and anthocyanins. All biological pigments selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light while reflecting others. The light that is absorbed may be used by the plant to power chemical reactions, while the reflected wavelengths of light determine the color the pigment appears to the eye.

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment in plants; it is a porphyrin that absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light while reflecting green. It is the presence and relative abundance of chlorophyll that gives plants their green color. All land plants and green algae possess two forms of this pigment: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Kelps, diatoms, and other photosynthetic heterokonts contain chlorophyll c instead of b, red algae possess chlorophyll a and " d". All chlorophylls serve as the primary means plants use to intercept light to fuel photosynthesis.

Carotenoids are red, orange, or yellow tetraterpenoids. They function as accessory pigments in plants, helping to fuel photosynthesis by gathering wavelengths of light not readily absorbed by chlorophyll. The most familiar carotenoids are carotene (an orange pigment found in carrots), lutein (a yellow pigment found in fruits and vegetables), and lycopene (the red pigment responsible for the color of tomatoes). Carotenoids have been shown to act as antioxidants and to promote healthy eyesight in humans.

Anthocyanins (literally "flower blue") are water-soluble flavonoid pigments that appear red to blue, according to pH. They occur in all tissues of higher plants, providing color in leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruits, though not always in sufficient quantities to be noticeable. Anthocyanins are most visible in the petals of flowers, where they may make up as much as 30% of the dry weight of the tissue.[2] They are also responsible for the purple color seen on the underside of tropical shade plants such as Tradescantia zebrina. In these plants, the anthocyanin catches light that has passed through the leaf and reflects it back towards regions bearing chlorophyll, in order to maximize the use of available light

Betalains are red or yellow pigments. Like anthocyanins they are water-soluble, but unlike anthocyanins they are indole-derived compounds synthesized from tyrosine. This class of pigments is found only in the Caryophyllales (including cactus and amaranth), and never co-occur in plants with anthocyanins. Betalains are responsible for the deep red color of beets, and are used commercially as food-coloring agents. Plant physiologists are uncertain of the function that betalains have in plants which possess them, but there is some preliminary evidence that they may have fungicidal properties.[3]

Plants produce hormones and other growth regulators which act to signal a physiological response in their tissues. They also produce compounds such as phytochrome that are sensitive to light and which serve to trigger growth or development in response to environmental signals.

Plant hormones, known as plant growth regulators (PGRs) or phytohormones, are chemicals that regulate a plant's growth. According to a standard animal definition, hormones are signal molecules produced at specific locations, that occur in very low concentrations, and cause altered processes in target cells at other locations. Unlike animals, plants lack specific hormone-producing tissues or organs. Plant hormones are often not transported to other parts of the plant and production is not limited to specific locations.

Plant hormones are chemicals that in small amounts promote and influence the growth, development and differentiation of cells and tissues. Hormones are vital to plant growth; affecting processes in plants from flowering to seed development, dormancy, and germination. They regulate which tissues grow upwards and which grow downwards, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, as well as leaf abscission and even plant death.

The most important plant hormones are abscissic acid (ABA), auxins, ethylene, gibberellins, and cytokinins, though there are many other substances that serve to regulate plant physiology.

While most people know that light is important for photosynthesis in plants, few realize that plant sensitivity to light plays a role in the control of plant structural development (morphogenesis). The use of light to control structural development is called photomorphogenesis, and is dependent upon the presence of specialized photoreceptors, which are chemical pigments capable of absorbing specific wavelengths of light.

Plants use four kinds of photoreceptors:[1]phytochrome, cryptochrome, a UV-B photoreceptor, and protochlorophyllide a. The first two of these, phytochrome and cryptochrome, are photoreceptor proteins, complex molecular structures formed by joining a protein with a light-sensitive pigment. Cryptochrome is also known as the UV-A photoreceptor, because it absorbs ultraviolet light in the long wave "A" region. The UV-B receptor is one or more compounds not yet identified with certainty, though some evidence suggests carotene or riboflavin as candidates.[4] Protochlorophyllide a, as its name suggests, is a chemical precursor of chlorophyll.

The most studied of the photoreceptors in plants is phytochrome. It is sensitive to light in the red and far-red region of the visible spectrum. Many flowering plants use it to regulate the time of flowering based on the length of day and night (photoperiodism) and to set circadian rhythms. It also regulates other responses including the germination of seeds, elongation of seedlings, the size, shape and number of leaves, the synthesis of chlorophyll, and the straightening of the epicotyl or hypocotyl hook of dicot seedlings.

Many flowering plants use the pigment phytochrome to sense seasonal changes in day length, which they take as signals to flower. This sensitivity to day length is termed photoperiodism. Broadly speaking, flowering plants can be classified as long day plants, short day plants, or day neutral plants, depending on their particular response to changes in day length. Long day plants require a certain minimum length of daylight to starts flowering, so these plants flower in the spring or summer. Conversely, short day plants flower when the length of daylight falls below a certain critical level. Day neutral plants do not initiate flowering based on photoperiodism, though some may use temperature sensitivity (vernalization) instead.

Although a short day plant cannot flower during the long days of summer, it is not actually the period of light exposure that limits flowering. Rather, a short day plant requires a minimal length of uninterrupted darkness in each 24-hour period (a short daylength) before floral development can begin. It has been determined experimentally that a short day plant (long night) does not flower if a flash of phytochrome activating light is used on the plant during the night.

Plants make use of the phytochrome system to sense day length or photoperiod. This fact is utilized by florists and greenhouse gardeners to control and even induce flowering out of season, such as the Poinsettia.

Paradoxically, the subdiscipline of environmental physiology is on the one hand a recent field of study in plant ecology and on the other hand one of the oldest.[1] Environmental physiology is the preferred name of the subdiscipline among plant physiologists, but it goes by a number of other names in the applied sciences. It is roughly synonymous with ecophysiology, crop ecology, horticulture and agronomy. The particular name applied to the subdiscipline is specific to the viewpoint and goals of research. Whatever name is applied, it deals with the ways in which plants respond to their environment and so overlaps with the field of ecology.

Environmental physiologists examine plant response to physical factors such as radiation (including light and ultraviolet radiation), temperature, fire, and wind. Of particular importance are water relations (which can be measured with the Pressure bomb) and the stress of drought or inundation, exchange of gases with the atmosphere, as well as the cycling of nutrients such as nitrogen and carbon.

Environmental physiologists also examine plant response to biological factors. This includes not only negative interactions, such as competition, herbivory, disease and parasitism, but also positive interactions, such as mutualism and pollination.

Plants may respond both to directional and non-directional stimuli. A response to a directional stimulus, such as gravity or sunlight, is called a tropism. A response to a nondirectional stimulus, such as temperature or humidity, is a nastic movement.

Tropisms in plants are the result of differential cell growth, in which the cells on one side of the plant elongates more than those on the other side, causing the part to bend toward the side with less growth. Among the common tropisms seen in plants is phototropism, the bending of the plant toward a source of light. Phototropism allows the plant to maximize light exposure in plants which require additional light for photosynthesis, or to minimize it in plants subjected to intense light and heat. Geotropism allows the roots of a plant to determine the direction of gravity and grow downwards. Tropisms generally result from an interaction between the environment and production of one or more plant hormones.

Nastic movements results from differential cell growth (e.g. epinasty and hiponasty), or from changes in turgor pressure within plant tissues (e.g., nyctinasty), which may occur rapidly. A familiar example is thigmonasty (response to touch) in the Venus fly trap, a carnivorous plant. The traps consist of modified leaf blades which bear sensitive trigger hairs. When the hairs are touched by an insect or other animal, the leaf folds shut. This mechanism allows the plant to trap and digest small insects for additional nutrients. Although the trap is rapidly shut by changes in internal cell pressures, the leaf must grow slowly to reset for a second opportunity to trap insects.[6]

Economically, one of the most important areas of research in environmental physiology is that of phytopathology, the study of diseases in plants and the manner in which plants resist or cope with infection. Plant are susceptible to the same kinds of disease organisms as animals, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi, as well as physical invasion by insects and roundworms.

Because the biology of plants differs with animals, their symptoms and responses are quite different. In some cases, a plant can simply shed infected leaves or flowers to prevent the spread of disease, in a process called abscission. Most animals do not have this option as a means of controlling disease. Plant diseases organisms themselves also differ from those causing disease in animals because plants cannot usually spread infection through casual physical contact. Plant pathogens tend to spread via spores or are carried by animal vectors.

One of the most important advances in the control of plant disease was the discovery of Bordeaux mixture in the nineteenth century. The mixture is the first known fungicide and is a combination of copper sulfate and lime. Application of the mixture served to inhibit the growth of downy mildew that threatened to seriously damage the French wine industry.[7]

Sir Francis Bacon published one of the first plant physiology experiments in 1627 in the book, Sylva Sylvarum. Bacon grew several terrestrial plants, including a rose, in water and concluded that soil was only needed to keep the plant upright. Jan Baptist van Helmont published what is considered the first quantitative experiment in plant physiology in 1648. He grew a willow tree for five years in a pot containing 200 pounds of oven-dry soil. The soil lost just two ounces of dry weight and van Helmont concluded that plants get all their weight from water, not soil. In 1699, John Woodward published experiments on growth of spearmint in different sources of water. He found that plants grew much better in water with soil added than in distilled water.

Stephen Hales is considered the Father of Plant Physiology for the many experiments in the 1727 book;[8] though Julius von Sachs unified the pieces of plant physiology and put them together as a discipline. His Lehrbuch der Botanik was the plant physiology bible of its time.[9]

Researchers discovered in the 1800s that plants absorb essential mineral nutrients as inorganic ions in water. In natural conditions, soil acts as a mineral nutrient reservoir but the soil itself is not essential to plant growth. When the mineral nutrients in the soil are dissolved in water, plant roots absorb nutrients readily, soil is no longer required for the plant to thrive. This observation is the basis for hydroponics, the growing of plants in a water solution rather than soil, which has become a standard technique in biological research, teaching lab exercises, crop production and as a hobby.

One of the leading journals in the field is Plant Physiology, started in 1926. All its back issues are available online for free.[1] Many other journals often carry plant physiology articles, including Physiologia Plantarum, Journal of Experimental Botany, American Journal of Botany, Annals of Botany, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

In horticulture and agriculture along with food science, plant physiology is an important topic relating to fruits, vegetables, and other consumable parts of plants. Topics studied include: climatic requirements, fruit drop, nutrition, ripening, fruit set. The production of food crops also hinges on the study of plant physiology covering such topics as optimal planting and harvesting times and post harvest storage of plant products for human consumption and the production of secondary products like drugs and cosmetics.

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Immunology

British Society for Immunology

Immunologists are scientists or clinicians who specialise in the field of Immunology. Immunology is a very broad branch of the biological sciences and is defined as the study of an organism's defence (immune) system, in both health and disease. All multicellular organisms are prey to infection or invasion. Harmful organisms such as viruses, bacteria and parasites constantly seek to gain access into the body, and if successful, this can lead to a number of serious diseases.

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The complexity of immune systems generally mirrors evolutionary history; with more 'primitive' organisms possessing immune systems composed of discrete, general purpose, effector cells and molecules; whilst more 'advanced' organisms have developed organs and tissues with a specific immune purpose, whilst retaining the cellular component. A key part of Immunology involves studying how the many different organs, cells and molecules of the immune system work and interact with each other.

In broad terms, the earlier form of the immune system is known as the 'innate' immune system, and is found in a wide range of organisms (including invertebrates and primitive vertebrates); whilst the later form is known as the 'adaptive' immune system and is common to higher vertebrates (including humans). The two systems are largely integrated in these organisms.

Specifically:

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Immunologists work in many different areas of biomedical research, as well as in healthcare, agriculture and environmental monitoring. Because Immunology can be applied to several other scientific disciplines it impacts on many areas of conventional medicine.

Immunologists often have different job titles and their role often depends on type of organisation they work for:

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Many diseases are caused when the immune system behaves incorrectly. Immunologists try to understand how and why the immune system malfunctions and causes disease. Such diseases can be broadly classified into the following categories:

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Immunological research has helped scientists understand the potential causes of many immunological diseases, and enabled them to develop treatments and cures.

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Immunologists from developed nations are working together with countries in the developing world to help prevent and treat the major problems associated with global health/disease. These include vaccine preventable diseases, emerging infectious diseases, HIV/AIDS, malaria, sexually transmitted diseases, tuberculosis, cancer and other neglected infectious diseases.

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British Society for Immunology

Immunology

Immunology | Abcam

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We have centralized our immunology resources to help you find antibodies and reagents for your research on innate or adaptive responses, including inflammation, autoimmunity and hypersensitivities. Discover our webinars and protocol tips covering popular research tools, such as ELISA and flow cytometry.

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Our flow cytometry resources include protocols, webinars, a fluorochrome chart and a multi-color selection tool.

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Immunology | Abcam

Biochemistry

UAB – SOM -Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics …

Now that you've finished your undergraduate degree, you're probably asking "Where do I go from here? What's the next step?"

A successful scientific career begins with a solid education. Graduate study at a reputable university dedicated to excellence in both coursework and research programs is essential.

BIOCHEMISTRY NEWS

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UAB - SOM -Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics ...